Download Nolte – Chapter 5 (Ventricles and Cerebrospinal

Nolte – Chapter 5 (Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid) and all Class-Notes and Lab-Notes
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Ventricles are lined with ependymal cells
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There are Four Ventricles
o Lateral Ventricle
 anterior horn, body, atrium(where they meet), posterior horn(occipital),
and inferior horn(through temporal)
 Caudate head follows the anterior horn and its tail lies in the roof
of the inferior horn.
 the thalamus forms the body of the ventricle
 Corpus Collosum is the roof of the anterior horn and body
o genu at the anterior horn.
 hippocampus forms the floor of the medial wall of the inferior
horn.
 foramin of Monro (interventricular formaen) in the anterior horn to
connect to…
o Third Ventricle
 in the mideline region of the diencephalon
 there is a hole where there is the interthalamic adhesion.
 ends at the lamina terminalis(rostral end of the neural tube)
 medial thalamus and hypothalamus for the medial wall.
 there are four protrustions (recesses)
 optic recess in front of the optic chiasm
 infundibular recess behind the chiasm
 pineal recess that invades the stalk of the pineal
 suprapineal which lies anterior to that stalk
 cerebral aqueduct(Sylvius) to…
o Fourth Ventricle
 sandwiched between cerebellum and the pons/rostral medulla
 its floor is the rhomboid fossa where the ending becomes a lateral recess
 empties into subarachnoid space by three aperatures
 median aperture(Magendie)
o hole in the inferior medullary velum that has an
attachment of the medullary to the vermis of the
cerebellum
 thus it joins the cisterna magna
 lateral aperatures (luschka)
Choroid Plexus
o secretes most of the CSF
 which is clear and similar to plasma
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containes higher conentrations of magnesium and chloride and less
potassium and calcium
 can be depressed by metabolic inhibitors.
 formed by filtration of blood through choroidal capillaries and the active
transport of substances.
 a route for the spread of neuroactive hormones
 regulation of extracllular environment
 sink for substances produced by the brain
o made up of ependymal cells that overlay the pia in all regions, but where the piaependyma complex invaginates is where we see choroid epithelium.
o the ependymal-pia-capillary complex is known as the choroid plexus.
o in the lateral ventricle its in the inferior horn and atrium(glomus) and goes down
the interventricular foramen.
 the invagination is known as the choroid fissure
o is on the roof of the third ventricle
o in the fourth ventricle it is formed by an invagination of the inferior medullary
velum and actually gets exposed to the subarachnoid space.
o ependymal is cells of the pia
o epithelium is a specialized later of the ependymal layer
o It’s a 3-layers membrane between blood and CSF
 first is endothelilal wall of each choroidal capillary
 second is scattered pial cells and collagen
 third is choroid epithelium
o Sympathetic stimulation can cause a 30% reduction in CSF production.
The Path
o Lateral Ventricle
o Interentricular formania (Monroe)
o Third Ventricle
o Cerebral Aqueduct
o Fourth Ventricle
o Luksha(lateral aperature) and Magendie(medial)
o Cisterna Magna/Pontine Cistern
o Tentorial Notch passage
o Superior Cistern
o Superior Sagittal Sinus
 returned to the venous system through arachnoid villi that penetrate the
dural sleeves
Problems
o hydrocephalus
 excess production, blockage or deficiency of reabsorption of CSF
 tumors of the chloroid plexus (papillomas)
 communicating/non
 whether lateral ventricles are able to reach subarachnoid
 blocking ov villi or tentorial notch would still be communicating.
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The straight sinus is situated within the dura mater, where the falx cerebri meets the
midline of tentorium cerebelli.