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The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response • • • • Test Four Define predestination and annul Why did Henry VIII form the Church of England? Why were the Anabaptists considered to be a dangerous political threat? How were the religious reforms in Zurich consistent with the aims of the Reformation? The Zwinglian Reformation • After the Peace of Augsburg, Christianity would always be divided. • A new group of Christians in Switzerland lead by Ulrich Zwingli. (an ex priest) • In the city of Zurich, Zwingli’s new ideas started to control the city government. • Religious relics and images were abolished. • All paintings and decorations were removed from the churches. • And a new church service was created consisting of Bible readings, prayer and sermons. • These new forms of worship spread to other cities in Switzerland. • Soon a Catholic army invaded and destroyed the new movement, killing Zwingli in battle. • But another reformer took the leadership against the Catholic Church. John Calvin • John Calvin was educated in France. • After he converted to Protestantism, he fled to Switzerland and published a book named “Institutes of the Christian Religion”. • He became a leader of Protestantism. • He mostly agreed with Luther on doctrine, but disagreed on the nature of God. • Calvin believed what he called the “power, grace and glory” of God. • Calvin’s ideas of the nature of God led him to a brand new idea called predestination. • He believed God determined in advance who would be saved and who would be damned. • This new idea gave the Calvinist conviction to spread their faith to other peoples and nations. • In 1536, Calvin began his reform in the city of Geneva. • His church reforms created a council to enforce moral laws upon the citizens. • Citizens were punished for dancing, singing obscene songs, drinking, swearing and playing cards. • Calvin sent trained missionaries to all parts of Europe and Calvinism was established in France, the Netherlands, Scotland and central Europe. • Soon Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the most important form of Protestantism. The Reformation in England • The English Reformation was rooted in politics, not religion. • King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his first wife Catherine (and Mary his daughter) and wed Anne Boleyn to produce a son. • The pope refused so Henry turned to English church courts. • Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Crammer granted a divorce. • Anne was crowned queen. • Three months later Anne gave birth to Elizabeth I. • In 1534, Henry created the Act of Supremacy and the Church of England was formed. • Henry VIII became the English pope. • He took over all church property and gave many land grants to nobles. • The Church of England was the same as the Catholic Church except for the pope. • Henry dies and his sickly, 9 year old son becomes king Edward VI. • While Edward grew up, the archbishop became more protestant and the Anglican Church was created. • Edward dies young and Mary becomes queen. Mary was a Catholic. • She started burning protestants and became known as “Bloody Mary”. • But England became even more Protestant than before. The Anabaptists • Luther’s church allowed the government an important dominant role. • Some protestants disagreed and believed religion should not be mandated by the government. • These people were called Anabaptists. • They believed in… • Voluntary religious involvement • Adult only full emersion baptism • They believed in following the spirit of early Christianity. • All believers were equal. • Each church could select their own leader from among their group (male only) • They believed in the complete separation of church and state. • They refused to fight any wars. • Catholics and Protestants both considered the Anabaptists as radicals. • The only thing the Catholics and Protestants agreed upon was the need to destroy the Anabaptists. The Catholic Reformation • By mid AD1600, Lutheranism was strong in Germany and Scandinavia. • And Calvinism was strong in Switzerland, France, the Netherlands and eastern Europe. • England had a National Church. • The Catholic Church was declining. • But the Church rallied with three (3) pillars of support… • 1. The Jesuits • 2. the reform of the Papacy • 3. the Council of Trent • A Spanish nobleman named Loyola founded the Jesuits. • All Jesuits took a special vow of loyalty and obedience directly to the pope. • Jesuits used education to spread their pro-pope messages to the masses. • Catholicism began expanding because of the Jesuits missionary work into parts of Germany and eastern Europe. • And Pope Paul III created the Reform Commission to identify corrupt church practices. • The Pope also created the Council of Trent to act of the commissions’ findings. • The Council reaffirmed regular Catholic beliefs and stated that salvation could only be gained through faith and good works. • The selling of indulgences were forbidden but could be given away. • After the Council, Catholic doctrine was clarified and unified under the pope. The End