Download The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response

The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic
Response
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Test Four
Define predestination and annul
Why did Henry VIII form the Church of England?
Why were the Anabaptists considered to be a dangerous
political threat?
How were the religious reforms in Zurich consistent with the
aims of the Reformation?
The Zwinglian Reformation
• After the Peace of Augsburg, Christianity would always be
divided.
• A new group of Christians in Switzerland lead by Ulrich
Zwingli. (an ex priest)
• In the city of Zurich, Zwingli’s new ideas started to control
the city government.
• Religious relics and images were abolished.
• All paintings and decorations were removed from the
churches.
• And a new church service was created consisting of Bible
readings, prayer and sermons.
• These new forms of worship spread to other cities in
Switzerland.
• Soon a Catholic army invaded and destroyed the new
movement, killing Zwingli in battle.
• But another reformer took the leadership against the
Catholic Church.
John Calvin
• John Calvin was educated in France.
• After he converted to Protestantism, he fled to Switzerland
and published a book named “Institutes of the Christian
Religion”.
• He became a leader of Protestantism.
• He mostly agreed with Luther on doctrine, but disagreed on
the nature of God.
• Calvin believed what he called the “power, grace and glory”
of God.
• Calvin’s ideas of the nature of God led him to a brand new
idea called predestination.
• He believed God determined in advance who would be saved
and who would be damned.
• This new idea gave the Calvinist conviction to spread their
faith to other peoples and nations.
• In 1536, Calvin began his reform in the city of Geneva.
• His church reforms created a council to enforce moral laws upon the
citizens.
• Citizens were punished for dancing, singing obscene songs, drinking,
swearing and playing cards.
• Calvin sent trained missionaries to all parts of Europe and Calvinism
was established in France, the Netherlands, Scotland and central
Europe.
• Soon Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the most important
form of Protestantism.
The Reformation in England
• The English Reformation was rooted in politics, not religion.
• King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his first wife Catherine
(and Mary his daughter) and wed Anne Boleyn to produce a
son.
• The pope refused so Henry turned to English church courts.
• Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Crammer granted a
divorce.
• Anne was crowned queen.
• Three months later Anne gave birth to Elizabeth I.
• In 1534, Henry created the Act of Supremacy and the
Church of England was formed.
• Henry VIII became the English pope.
• He took over all church property and gave many land grants
to nobles.
• The Church of England was the same as the Catholic Church
except for the pope.
• Henry dies and his sickly, 9 year old son becomes king
Edward VI.
• While Edward grew up, the archbishop became more
protestant and the Anglican Church was created.
• Edward dies young and Mary becomes queen. Mary was a
Catholic.
• She started burning protestants and became known as
“Bloody Mary”.
• But England became even more Protestant than before.
The Anabaptists
• Luther’s church allowed the government an important
dominant role.
• Some protestants disagreed and believed religion should not
be mandated by the government.
• These people were called Anabaptists.
• They believed in…
• Voluntary religious involvement
• Adult only full emersion baptism
• They believed in following the spirit of early Christianity.
• All believers were equal.
• Each church could select their own leader from among their
group (male only)
• They believed in the complete separation of church and state.
• They refused to fight any wars.
• Catholics and Protestants both considered the Anabaptists as
radicals.
• The only thing the Catholics and Protestants agreed upon
was the need to destroy the Anabaptists.
The Catholic Reformation
• By mid AD1600, Lutheranism was strong in Germany and
Scandinavia.
• And Calvinism was strong in Switzerland, France, the Netherlands
and eastern Europe.
• England had a National Church.
• The Catholic Church was declining.
• But the Church rallied with three (3) pillars of support…
• 1. The Jesuits
• 2. the reform of the Papacy
• 3. the Council of Trent
• A Spanish nobleman named Loyola founded the Jesuits.
• All Jesuits took a special vow of loyalty and obedience directly to the
pope.
• Jesuits used education to spread their pro-pope messages to the
masses.
• Catholicism began expanding because of the Jesuits missionary work
into parts of Germany and eastern Europe.
• And Pope Paul III created the Reform Commission to identify
corrupt church practices.
• The Pope also created the Council of Trent to act of the
commissions’ findings.
• The Council reaffirmed regular Catholic beliefs and stated
that salvation could only be gained through faith and good
works.
• The selling of indulgences were forbidden but could be given
away.
• After the Council, Catholic doctrine was clarified and unified
under the pope.
The End