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AP Review
Chapters 32-34
Fast Facts
General characteristics of animals:
- multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes
- take in food by ingestion
- lack cell walls; have cell junctions
made of structural proteins that hold cells
and tissues together
Fast Facts
- reproduce sexually; zygote that
undergoes cleavage
-divides into smaller cells after
fertilization creating a multicellular
structure called a blastula
- following the blastula stage is
gastrulation
- rearrange the cells to form a 3
layered structure called a gastrula
Fast Facts
Fast Facts
Bilateral Symmetry
- have a top (dorsal), bottom (ventral), head
(anterior), and tail (posterior)
- have three germ (tissue) layers: triploblastic
- ectoderm: forms epidermis of skin
and nervous system
- endoderm: lining of digestive tract, liver,
pancreas
- mesoderm: skeletal, muscle,
circulatory, and lympatic systems
Fast Facts
Animals can also be grouped by the
development of a body cavity or
coelom
- separates the digestive tract from the
outer body wall
- triploblastic animals can be grouped
by the coelom development
Fast Facts
Acoelomates:
- phylum platyhelminthes
- no body cavity between the digestive
tract and the outer wall
- have only one opening; only a
gastrovascular cavity
- no blood vascular system
Fast Facts
Psuedocoelomates:
- phylum rotifera and nematoda
- have a fluid filled cavity that is
incompletely or partially lined with
mesoderm
-cavity develops between the
mesoderm and endoderm
Fast Facts
Coelomates:
- everything else
- fluid filled cavity that is completely
lined with mesoderm
- the digestive tract is suspended in the
cavity and held in place with connective
tissue called mesentery
Fast Facts
Fast Facts
Coelomates are further divided according
to the pattern of development that their
zygote goes through
- divided into protosome and
deuterosome coelomates
Fast Facts
Protosome coelomates:
- spiral cleavage: during early cell
divisions, the divisions are diagonal to
the vertical axis of the embryo
- cells end up lying between rather than
on top of other cells
- determinate cleavage: casts the
developmental fate of each cell very
early
Fast Facts
Deuterosome coelomates:
- radial cleavage: cells divide at right
angles so the cells are above or below
each other
- first opening becomes the anus,
second becomes the mouth
- indeterminate cleavage: cells retain
ability to develop into complete embryo
Fast Facts
Fast Facts
Four anatomical
features
characterize the
phylum Chordata
- notochord,
dorsal nerve
chord, pharyngeal
slits, and a
postanal tail
Fast Facts
Class Condrichthyes
- sharks, skates, and
rays
- skeleton made of
cartilage. Teeth and
vertebrae may be
strengthened with
mineralized granules
Fast Facts
Sexual reproduction w/ internal fertilization
-Oviparous: lay egg, then fertilized; embryo
develops within egg after laying
- Ovoviviparous: fertilized egg develops in
mother, but mother and egg are separated;
born live after hatching
- Viviparous: live young born; embryo
develops inside of body; nourished by
placenta
Fast Facts
Class Osteichthyes
- ray finned and
lobed finned fish
- boney fish;
endoskeleton w/
calcium phosphate
- 2 chambered
heart (1 atria, 1
ventricle)
Fast Facts
Tetrapods: “four feet”
- all, except for modified species such
as snakes, have four limbs with the
same basic structure
- used for movement
Fast Facts
Class Amphibia
- means “two lives”
- frogs, toads, and salamanders
- thought to have evolved from lobed
finned fishes
- 3 chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle)
Fast Facts
Development of the amniotic egg allowed
animals to move further away from
water
4 parts to the amniotic egg
- amnion: prevents dehydration and
cushions against shock
- yolk sac: stockpile of nutrients for the
embryo
Fast Facts
- allantois: disposal
sac for metabolic
waste
- chorion: allows O2
and CO2 to diffuse
freely across the egg’s
shell
- found in birds,
reptiles, and mammals
Fast Facts
Class Reptilia
- scales are made of keratin (waterproof)
- 3 chambered heart (2 atria and 1 partially
separated ventricle)
- nitrogenous waste excreted as uric acid (low
water loss)
- internal fertilization; most lay an amniotic egg
- ectotherms: obtain heat by external
absorption; not “cold blooded”
Fast Facts
Class Aves
- flightless (ratites) and flight (carinate)
- thought to have evolved from
dinosaurs
- body is designed to enhance flight
- endothermic: maintain high body
temp through metabolism
Sample Question
Structure and function vary across the animal kingdom.
Despite this variation, animals exhibit common
processes. These include: transport of materials,
response to stimuli, gas exchange, and locomotion.
For two of the processes above, describe the relevant
structures and how they function to accomplish the
process in the following phyla
- Cnidaria (ex. hydra, jellyfish)
- Annelidia (ex. earthworm)
- Cordata (ex. mouse)