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Transcript
ANIMAL KINGDOM
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
• Multicellular, eukaryotic,
heterotrophs
• Specialized cells; most have
tissues
• Response to stimuli by nervous
and muscular tissue
• Most capable of locomotion; few
sessile
• Most diploid and reproduce
sexually
ANIMALS LIVE IN DIVERSE HABITATS
• Marine
• Origin of animal life
• Provides buouyancy
• Body fluids isotonic to
environment
• Plankton, nekton, sessile
• Freshwater
• Cells hypertonic to environment
• Osmoregulation
• More challenging than marine: food, oxygen,
sunlight, temperature
• Terrestrial – Threat of Dessication:
• Body covering to reduce evaporation
• Respiratory organs deep in body
cavity
• Reproduction
• Eggs
• Means of thermoregulation
EVOLUTION OF ANIMALS
• Common protist ancestor:
choanoflagellate
• Evo-Devo
• Diversity
• Hox genes
CHARACTERISTICS USED TO FURTHER
CLASSIFY ANIMALS…
BODY SYMMETRY
• Asymmetry
• Radial symmetry
• Bilateral symmetry
CEPHALIZATION
• Concentration of sensory structures in a
head
• Nerve cells concentrate in head  brain
• Nerve cord extends toward rear
• Found in bilaterally symmetrical organisms
• Adaptations to locomotion
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
• Zygote
• Undergoes cleavage
• Develops into blastula
• Undergoes gastrulation
2 TYPES OF CLEAVAGE PATTERNS
• Radial
• Parallel or right
angles to axis
• Indeterminate
• Spiral
• Diagonal to axis
• Determinate
GERM LAYERS
• Form in all animals except sponges
DIPLOBLASTIC
• 3 layers:
• Ectoderm – outer layer
• Endoderm – inner layer
• Mesoderm – middle layer
TRIPLOBLASTIC
OVERVIEW OF ANIMAL TYPES
• Sponges – loose arrangement of different
types of cells; do not have tissues
• Diploblastic
• Cnidarians and Ctenophores
• Only have 2 germ layers
• Triploblastic
• Have 3rd germ layer - mesoderm
BODY CAVITY
Triploblastic organisms further grouped
base on presence and type of coelom –
fluid-filled cavity between digestive tract
and body wall
BODY CAVITY CLASSIFICATION
• Acoelomates
• Solid body; no cavity
• Flatworms and ribbon worms
• Pseudocoelomates
• Have a body cavity but it is
not completely lined with
mesoderm
• Nematodes and rotifers
• Coelomates
• Tube-within-a-tube body plan
• Coelom completely lined with
mesoderm
• Comparison
2 MAIN GROUPS OF BILATERAL
ANIMALS:
• During gastrulation, group of cells
move in forming sac … embryonic gut
• If blastopore becomes mouth –
organism is a protostome
• If blastopores becomes anus deuterostome
PROTOSTOMES VS. DEUTEROSTOMES
PROTOSTOMES
DEUTEROSTOMES
• Flatworms, annelids,
arthropods, mollusks
• Echinoderms and
chordates
• Spiral, determinant
cleavage
• Radial, indeterminate
cleavage
• Schizocoely
• Enterocoely
Fig. 29-7, p. 627