Download Cell and Cell Transport Review

Cell & Cell Transport Test Review
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Atoms are made of extremely tiny particles called protons, neutrons, and
electrons.
Protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom, making up the nucleus.
Electrons surround the nucleus.
Protons have a positive charge.
Electrons have a negative charge.
The charge on the proton and electron are exactly the same size but opposite.
Neutrons have no charge.
Since opposite charges attract, protons and electrons attract each other.
An ion is formed when an atom gains or loses an electron in bonding with
another atom, causing the atom to become a positive or negative ion.
2.) Cohesion is the property of like molecules (of the same substance) to
stick to each other due to mutual attraction. Adhesion is the property of
different molecules or surfaces to cling to each other.
3.)
1.Isotonic – equal concentration of solute molecules on either side of
membrane
-no net movement of water
-equal solute, equal water
2. Hypertonic – more solute outside of cell (high solute outside of cell),
-water moves out of cell, cell shrinks
-more solute, less water
3.Hypotonic – less solute outside of cell (low solute outside of cell)
-water enters cell, cell swells and could burst
-less solute, more water
4.) Selectively. Some materials can pass through, others cannot.
5.) Polymers:
Monomers:
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Carbohydrates
Lipids (Fats)
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
- Saccharides (Sugars)
- 3 fatty acid chains & Glycerol
- Amino Acids
- Nucleic Acids
6.) Active Transport:
-Goes against the concentration gradient
-From low to high concentration
-Requires ENERGY (ATP)!
7.) Passive Transport:
-Goes with/down the concentration gradient
-From high to low concentration
-NO energy required
8.) Exothermic- the word describes a process that releases energy in the form
of heat.Endothermic - a process or reaction that absorbs energy in the form
of heat.
9.) Cell Theory:
*All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
New cells are produced from existing cells.
10.) Activation Energy.
11.) It is a polymer. Monomers are the building blocks of more complex
molecules, called polymers. Polymers consist of repeating molecular units
which usually are joined by covalent bonds.
12.) The Nucleus- the control center
Function:
Contains almost all of the cell’s DNA for coding proteins and other
molecules.
DNA is found on chromosomes which contain genetic information.
13.) Mitochondria: Energy
Function:
Convert chemical energy in food into materials easier for the cell to use.
14.) Diffusion – any material, except H2O moving from high to low
concentration through bilayer until it reaches equilibrium (equal on both
sides- homeostasis) . Type of passive transport- Does NOT require energy.
Goes with the gradient.
15.) Ribosomes
Function:
Site of protein assembly.
Structure:
Small pieces of RNA and protein found throughout the cell.
Location: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum & Nucleolus
16.)
17.) Plant & Animal:
- Nucleus
- Cell membrane
- Mitochondria
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Ribosomes
- Golgi Apparatus
Plant ONLY:
- Cell Wall
- Chloroplasts
- CENTRAL vacuole
Animal ONLY :
- Lysosome
18.) OMIT
19.) Types of Passive Transport:
1.)Diffusion – any material, except H2O moving from high to low
concentration through bilayer until it reaches equilibrium (equal on both
sides- homeostasis)
2.)Facilitated Diffusion – uses protein channels to enter/leave cells
- Facilitator = “helper” NO ENERGY REQUIRED!
3.)Osmosis – the diffusion of H2O in our cells
20.) Active Transport:
-Goes against the concentration gradient
-From low to high concentration
-Requires ENERGY (ATP)!
21.) Endocytosis – cells take in particles by membrane forming
vesicle/vacuole
Two types of endocytosis:
1. Phagocytosis = cellular eating;
WBC engulfing bacteria, amoeba eating paramecium
2. Pinocytosis = cellular drinking
Cells take in liquid with material dissolved in vesicle.
22.) Low. High. IS
23.) High. Low. ISN’T
24.) Endocytosis – cells take in particles by membrane forming
vesicle/vacuole.Exocytosis – releasing materials from cells in vesicles that
fuse with membrane
25.) Mitochondria ( Energy)
26.) Nucleus (DNA)
27.) Cell Membrane
28.) Chloroplasts ( Photosynthesis!)
29.) OMIT
30.) Cell Organelles:
1. Cytoplasm- semi-fluid substance (think gelatin) found inside the cell.
The cytoplasm encases, cushions and protects the internal organelles.
2. Nucleus-houses the majority of genetic material of a cell. The nucleus is
the “brain” of the cell and controls all activity within the cell.
3. Nucleolus- where ribosomes are made.
4. Ribosomes: Site of protein assembly.
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum: Site where lipid parts of cell membrane are
made, along with proteins and other materials to export from the cell.
Rough ER- has ribosomes on surface to assemble proteins. Smooth ERNO ribosomes on surface.
6. Golgi Apparatus: Modify, sort, and package proteins and other
materials from the ER for storage in the cell or release from the cell.
7. Lysosomes: Breakdown of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins into small
molecules to be used by the rest of the cell . Breakdown used up
organelles
8. Vacuoles: Stores water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates.
9. Mitochondria: Convert chemical energy in food into materials easier for
the cell to use.
10. Cytoskeleton: Helps maintain cell shape. Helps with movement of the
cell.
11. Cell Wall: Provides support and protection for the cell
PLANT CELL:
ANIMAL CELL: