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Definitions of marketing • Marketing is an on going process of moving people closer to making a decision to purchase, use, follow or conform to someone else’s products, services or values. • It is a process by which sellers promote and sell goods and services to buyers in a market place for a price Definitions cont’d • In reference to agricultural commodities, marketing is the performance of all business activities involved in the flow of goods and services from the point of initial production until they are in the hands of the ultimate consumer (Kohls and Uhl, 1985). • Transformation of goods in space, time and form from producers to consumers. • Efficiency in the transformation is the target. Activities in marketing • Involves a series of activities • 6P’s of marketing • Product market: – Shrinking or growing? – New or established? • Price: – – – – what price will you sell at? Premium or undercut competitors? What will influence the price? Will you cope? Activities in marketing • Promotion – How will you reach target audience – What type of communication will work best? • Place – Where will people buy your product? Cont’d activities • People – Quality of personal relationships - client and company • Physical evidence- – product must be available – Show quality of service Cont’d • Process- your firms processes can give you the edge. Commodity Marketing • Refers to basic agricultural products in their original or have undergone primary processing i.e milk, beef, cotton, eggs • Com. Marketing system encompasses all participants in the production, processing and marketing involved in the flow of the commodity from inputs to consumer. Cont’d • Marketing systems differ – – – – Type of commodity System of production Culture and traditions of producers Level of development of sector and country. Stages of agricultural marketing • ASSEMBLY- commodity buyers specialising i.e cattle, milk • TRANSPORTATION- Trucking companies, railroads, airlines • STORAGE- warehouses, public refridgerated warehouses • GRADING & CLASSIFICATIONOfficials, merchants Cont’d • PROCESSING- processing plants • PACKAGING- makers of packaging material • DISTRIBUTION & RETAILINGRetail stores, wholesalers Milk and milk products • Assembly- direct from farms to processing plants • Tankers collect from farms at a regular schedule • Undertaken by cooperatives/ bulking groups • Constraint in transportation is road infrastructure. During wet season milk may stay uncollected Cont’d • Trucks for other produce are multipurpose but not for milk hence affecting economics of transportation of milk • Mostly rural household keep a cow or two for production of milk for household and surplus is sold locally. In addition to this exchange four channels for distribution of milk can be identified Channels for distribution of milk • Depot salesmen- marketing board or dairy companies employ their own sales force • Wholesalers as number of outlets increase there is need for intermediaries to operate between sales force and retailers Cont’d • Contractors- appointed to routes that cooperative or dairy companies find uneconomical • Home deliveries- doorstep deliveries The milk marketing channel Milk Marketing Channels Number of intermediaries Producer-consumer 0 Producer-milk hawker-consumer 1 Producer-processor-consumer 1 Producer-processor- retailerconsumer 2 Producer-dairy co-operative processor- retailer- consumer 3 Producer-milk transporterprocessor - retailer-consumer 3 Producer-milk trader-processorretailer-consumer 3 Producer-dairy coop - milk transporter-processor-retailerconsumer 4 SUMMARY • THE CHOICE OF PRODUCT AND TECHNOLOGIES MUST BE SUITED TO THE SCALE AND LOCATION OF THE OPERATION WHILE THE PRICE, PROMOTION AND PACKAGING MUST MEET LOCAL REQUIREMENTS