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UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Unit Title SBL 205 – BASIC METABOLISM Purpose The unit aims to provide fundamental concepts with a focus on description, organization, and functions of metabolic pathways of primary metabolites in microorganisms, plants and mammalian systems. Course Objectives 1. To deliver a concise knowledge and understanding of primary basic metabolism, an integral part of cellular activities in all living organisms. 2. To describe and emphasize functional and regulatory aspects with illustrations of pathways and structural features of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids. 3. To describe the importance of cellular respiration and energy metabolism. Expected Learning Outcome By the end of the course unit the learner should be able to: 1. Overview of the structural the features of important biomolecules in metabolism which unravel the intricate nature of life. Define homeostatis, differentiate between Homoeotherms and Poikilotherms Distinguish different modes autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition Understand anaerobic and aerobic metabolism and its importance A good understanding of biological reductive and oxidative reactions. Evaluate the function of ATP as energy molecule and role of NAD/FAD as electron carriers Describe the process of light dependant reactions of photosynthesis Describe anabolic (synthetic) and catabolic (degradation) metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids. 9. Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding cellular and mitochondrial respiration for harvesting chemical energy during metabolism 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Course Content Introduction to Merabolism, Anabolic and Catabolic reactions, Aerobic and Anaerobic metabolism, Homiotherms and Poikilotherms, Autotrophs and Heterotrophs. Role of mineral elements. Photosynthesis. Anabolic and catabolic pathways of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids. Cellular and mitochondrial respiration and energy metabolism. Kreb’s cycle. Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation. Calorimetriy, Basal and Standard metabolic rates. Learning & Teaching Methodologies: Lectures, PowerPoint presentation, Class discussions, Practical (laboratory) sessions Instructional Materials and Equipment Laptop PC, LCD projector, Lecture Notes, Charts and Illustrations, Laboratory with adequate facilities, Internet Course Assessment Continuous assements (CAT 1 & CAT 2, Laboratory reports 30 %, Examination 70 % TOTAL = 100 % Recommended Text Books BIOCHEMISTRY, 3rd edition (2004), S.C. Rastogi. PRINCIPALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY, (2004), Nelson D. L. PRINCIPALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY (2008), A. Lehninger, D. L. Nelson & Michael M. Cox, 5th Edition PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY, (1997), edited by P.M. Dey and J.B. Harborne, Academic Press. FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY, LIFE AT MOLECULAR LEVEL, (2008, 3rd edition), Donalls J. Voet, Judith Voet, Charlotte Prat., John Wiley & Sons CHEMICAL BIOLOGY: An Introduction to Biochemistry, (1973) Bronk J.R. Macmillan, New York Teaching Schedule LECTURE TOPICS 1. Introduction to Metabolism 1.1 Categorize Molecules of life 1.2 The energy of life 1.3 Definition of basic metabolism 1.4 Anabolic and catabolic pathways 1.5 Organization of metabolic pathways 1.6 Aerobic and anaerobic respiration 2. Homiotherms and Poikilotherms 2.1 Definition of Homeostatis 2.2 Thermoregulation and metabolic rates 3 Autotrophic and Heterotrophic nutrition 3.1 Photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs 3.2 Holozoic, saprophytic and parasitic nutrtition 4. Nutritional requirements Impotance of minerals and trace elements 5. Differentiate oxidative and reductive metabolic reactions 5.1 Role of ATP as an energy molecule 5.2 Role of NAD and NADP as electron carriers 6 Photosynthesis 6.1 Light Dependant energy building reactions 6.2 Structure and functions of chloroplast and chlorophyll 6.3 Role and functions of photosystems 6.4 Cyclic and non-cyclic photo-phosphorylation 7 Carbohydrate Metabolism 7.1 Nomenclature - Mono, di, oligo and polysaccharides 7.2 Gluconeogenesis – CO2 fixation (Calvin Cycle – Dark Reactions) – Carbon reduction 7.3 Biosynthesis of Mono, Di, and Polysaccharides and Interconversions of Hexoses 7.4 Glycolysis – Breakdown (catabolism) of glucose to generate energy - Oxidation 7.5 Fate of Puruvate – aerobic and anaerobic conditions 7.6 Pentose Phosphate Pathway - Alternate Route of Glucose breakdown 7.7 Role of Trans-aldolase and Trans-ketolase 7.8 Biosynthesis of Glucose in Animals 7.9 Glycogenesis - Synthesis of glycogen from glucose 7.10 Glycogenolysis – Glycogen breakdown 8. Lipid Metabolism 8.1 Fats & Oils – Structures and functions of different types of lipids 8.2 Utilization of fatty acids as fuels 8.3 Biosynthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides 8.4 Action of Lipases 8.5 ß-Oxidation and α-Oxidation of Fatty acids CAT 1 9 Amino Acid Metabolism 9.1 Source and forms Nitrogen –Nitrogen Cycle 9.2 Acid-base properties of amino acids Lab Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Lab 1. Techniques to determine Chlorophyll A & B UV absorption spectra of chlorophyll extracts Week 4 Lab 2. Hydrolysis of starch by Amylase Polyphenol Oxidase activity of apple and potato extracts Peroxidase activity Week 5 Lab 3 Enzymatic synthesis of starch by phosphorylase Week 6/7 Lab 4. Fat hydrolysis – Enzyme Lipase Week 8 Nitrification by soil organisms 9.2 Assimilation of ammonia - reductive amination 9.3 transamination reactions 9.4 Major biosynthetic pathways of essential and non-essential amino acids 9.5 Oxidative Deamination and catabolic pathways of Amino Acids 10 Cellular Respiration & Energy Metabolism 10.1 Definition and goals of cellular respiration 10.2 Harvesting of chemical energy 10.3 Stages of cellular respiration 10.4 Krebs or TCA or Citric Acid cycle reactions 10.5 Significance of Citric Acid cycle 10.6 Function and purpose of Electron Transport Chain as electron carriers 10.7 Role of cytochromes and energy production 10.7 Oxidative phosphorylation – ATP synthesis 11. Calorimetry 11.1 Application of calorimetry in metabolic studies 11.2 Direct and Indirect calorimetry 11.2 Respiratory Quotient and its significance 11.3 Basal and Standard metabolic rates CAT 2 EXAMINATIONS Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Weeks 14/15 Lab 5. Determination of respiratory quotient of plant tissues