Download Q2 Advanced Environmental Science Study Guide

Advanced Environmental Science
Q2 Study guide
Dalelio
Key Terms
ecology (p. 56)
organism (p. 56)
cell (p. 56)
population (p. 57)
habitat (p. 58)
distribution (p. 58)
range (p. 58)
community (p. 59)
biological community (p. 59)
ecosystem (p. 59)
atmosphere (p. 59)
troposphere (p. 59)
stratosphere (p. 59)
hydrosphere (p. 59)
lithosphere (p. 59)
biosphere (p. 59)
photosynthesis (p. 60)
greenhouse gases (p. 61)
natural greenhouse effect (p. 61)
biomes (p. 61)
abiotic (p. 61)
biotic (p. 61)
range of tolerance (p. 62)
limiting factor (p. 62)
limiting factor principle (p. 62)
producers (p. 64)
autotrophs (p. 64)
photosynthesis (p. 64)
chemosynthesis (p. 65)
consumers (p. 65)
heterotrophs (p. 65)
decomposers (p. 65)
omnivores (p. 65)
detritivores (p. 65)
(biodiversity) (p. 67)
food chain (p. 67)
trophic level (p. 67)
food web (p. 67)
biomass (p. 68)
ecological efficiency (p. 68)
pyramid of energy flow (p. 68)
gross primary productivity
(GPP) (p. 70)
net primary productivity
(NPP) (p. 70)
native species (p. 146)
nonnative species (p. 146)
invasive species (p. 146)
alien species (p. 146)
indicator species (p. 147)
keystone species (p. 148)
interspecific competition (p. 150)
resource partitioning (p. 150)
predation (p. 151)
predator (p. 151)
prey (p. 151)
predator-prey relationship (p. 151)
mutualism (p. 154)
parasitism (p. 154)
population density (p. 167)
environmental resistance (p. 165)
carrying capacity (K) (p. 165)
exponential growth (p. 166)
logistic growth (p. 166)
biotic potential (p. 165)
population dynamics (p. 164)
survivorship curve (p. 170)
sexual reproduction (p. 169)
r-selected species (p. 169)
K-selected species (p. 169)
asexual reproduction (p. 169)
Objectives
1.Define ecology. List and distinguish among five levels of organization of matter that are the focus of the realm of ecology.
2. Distinguish among lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and ecosphere. Briefly describe how the sun, gravity, and nutrient cycles sustain life on
Earth. Compare the flow of matter and the flow of energy through the biosphere
3. Define abiotic component of an ecosystem. List three important physical factors and three important chemical factors that have large effects on
ecosystems.
4. Summarize the law of tolerance. Compare limiting factors in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
5. Define biotic component of an ecosystem. Distinguish between producers and consumers. List and distinguish four types of consumers.
6. Distinguish among scavengers, detritus feeders and decomposers. Distinguish between photosynthesizers and chemosynthesizers; aerobic
respiration and anaerobic respiration.
7. Evaluate which ecosystems show the highest average net primary productivity and which contribute most to global net primary productivity.
8. Distinguish between food chains and food webs; a grazing food web and detrital food web. Apply the second law of energy to food chains
and pyramids of energy, which describe energy flow in ecosystems. Explain how there may be exceptions to pyramids of numbers and
biomass, but not energy.
9. Describe the three characteristics that define a biological community.
10. Distinguish among the following roles played by species and give one example of each: native species, nonnative species, indicator species, and
keystone species. Explain why these labels are important.
11.Distinguish among the following species interactions and give one example of each: interspecific competition, predation, and symbiosis.
Distinguish between interference competition and exploitation competition. Summarize the competitive exclusion principle. List two strategies
species use to reduce competition.
12. Define succession. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession. Describe how humans affect communities.
13. Describe the various types of population distribution patterns that can occur in nature and comment on which is most common and why.
14. Define birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration. Write an equation to mathematically describe the relationship between these rates
and the rate of population change.
15. Define limiting factor. Give an example of a resource that would be limiting in an ecosystem.
16. Define exponential growth.
17. Compare a J-shaped growth curve with an S-shaped growth curve and comment on the factors that produce the sigmoid (S-shaped) curve.
18. Define carrying capacity and explain what determines the carrying capacity of an ecosystem.
19. Explain density-dependent population controls and density-independent population controls.
20. List the four general types of population fluctuations in nature. Indicate which of these is most common.
21. Discuss the relationships between predators and prey and the possible interactions upon each other.
22. Define r-selected species and K-selected species and compare the two. Give an example for each type of species reproductive pattern.
23. Describe the three general types of survivorship curves in nature.