Download Important European Wars

Important European Wars
1
Hundred Years’ War(1337-1453)
• Cause:
– Land conflict between England and France
• New weapons used throughout the war(Long
bow, cross bow, gun)
• Results:
– England gave up claims to land in France
– War allowed each monarch to exert more control
over the people and nobles(led to the beginning
of “new monarchs” in both countries.)
2
Habsburg- Valois War(1521-1544)
• Cause:
– Territorial conflict between France and
Austria(Primarily over control of Italy)
– Francis I of Valois and Charles V of Habsburg
• Details:
– Ottoman Empire also fought against the Habsburgs in
eastern Europe
• Results:
– Treaty in 1559 gave both France and Spain some
holdings in Italy
– Continued tension between France and Habsburgs
3
French Wars of Religion(1562-1598)
• Causes:
– Conflict between French Calvinist(Huguenots) and French
Catholics
• Details:
– Catholic majority greatly outnumbered the Calvinist
minority
– Major violence against Huguenots, massacre in 1572(St.
Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
• Results:
– Henry IV takes the throne of France(He was a Calvinist
that converted to Catholicism)~”Paris is worth a mass”
– Edict of Nantes: Allowed Huguenots to freely worship,
but acknowledged that Catholicism was the official
religion
4
30 Years War(1618-1648)
• Causes
– Primary cause was religious conflict between the Catholic
Habsburgs and Protestant princes in the Holy Roman
Empire(Peace of Augsburg by Charles V(1555) had brought
a temporary end to warfare between German Catholics
and Lutherans
– Other countries became involved, either to help the
Protestants or attempt to reduce Habsburg power
• Details
– Fought over the course of four different phases
– Edict of Restitution(1629): Prohibited Calvinist worship
and restored all land to the Catholic Church and property
taken by Protestant princes
5
Results of Thirty Year’s War
• Peace of Westphalia ensured that all German
states, including the Calvinist ones, were free to
determine their own religion
• France, Sweden, and Brandenburg all gained land
• More than 300 states that made up Holy Roman
Empire were recognized as virtually independent
• Religion and the state became even more
separate
6
English Civil War(1642-1649)
• Causes
– Conflict between Charles I and the Parliament
– English monarchs and Parliament had been battling
for power
• Details
– Charles I was beheaded(1649), but Oliver Cromwell
seize control of the government
• Results
– The power of the monarch had been greatly reduced
in England
7
War of Spanish Succession(1702-1713)
• Causes
– Charles II, king of Spain, left his throne to the
grandson of Louis XIV
• Details
– A coalition of England, the United Provinces, Austria,
and German states opposed Spain and France
• Results
– Peace of Utrecht confirmed Philip V as the king of
Spain and affirmed that Spain and France would
remain separate
8
Great Northern War(1701-1721)
• Causes
– Peter the Great wanted to gain a warm water port for
Russia
• Details
– War between Poland, Denmark, and Russia vs.
Sweden
– At the beginning Sweden held back the three powers
but was eventually overpowered by Russia
• Results
– Russia acquired Estonia, Livonia, and Karelia and
Sweden became a second-rate power
9
War of Austrian Succession(1740-1748)
• Causes
– Charles VI did not have a male heir, so passed the
Pragmatic Sanction(which was supposed to make
Austrian lands indivisible and recognize his daughter
Maria Theresa as leader of Austria)
• Details
– Prussia and France attacked Austria and England came to
the defense of Austria
– Fighting spread all over the world
• Results
– Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle returned all lands to their
original owners, except Silesia which Prussia refused to
give back
10
7 Years War(French and Indian
War)(1754-1763)
• Causes
– France, Austria, Russia vs. Prussia and England
• Details
– This war saw a diplomatic revolution, in that alliance times
enemies and alliances changed greatly
– This war saw conflict in the Americas, India, and Europe
• Results
– Treaty of Paris ended the war and greatly reduced French
power
– This war led to the American revolution and indirectly to
the French Revolution
11
Napoleonic War(1801-1815)
• Causes
– Napoleon was longing to expand the French Empire in
Europe
• Details
– Napoleon controlled most of Europe, either directly or
indirectly
– Coalition of Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain
formed to defeat Napoleon
• Results
– Monarchy was restored in France and the European
countries attempted to maintain a balance of power
– Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed the Holy Alliance and
attempted to reduce the spread of liberalism
12
Crimean War(1854-1856)
• Causes
– War between Russia and the Ottoman Empire over
religious rights in Palestine and land in Eastern Europe
• Details
– France and Great Britain supported the Ottoman Empire
because they feared Russia’s territorial ambitions
• Results
– Russian was defeated and withdrew from European
affairs and attempted to modernize
– This war also destroyed the Concert of Europe, where
the big powers had agreed to negotiate rather than use
war
13
Prussian Wars of Unification(1864-1871)
• Causes
– Prussia was looking to gain land and bring unification
to Germany
• Details
– Prussia defeat Denmark, Austria, and France in a
series of three separate wars
• Results
– Germany becomes unified under a Parliamentary
monarchy led by William I of Prussia
– Tensions of this war led to much bitterness and
resentment between Germany and France
14
Russo-Japanese War(1904-1905)
• Cause:
– Japan invaded Russia looking to gain more land
• Details:
– It was clear that Russia simply it did not have the
same level of technology as Japan
• Results:
– Russia gave up a large amount of land and realized
that they still had a large amount of industrialization
to do
– The people of Russia revolted in 1905, but did not
actually gain much
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