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Unit 4 Mrs. Bell Chapters 21 & 22 World History Spain • Charles V retired in 1556 • Split the Hapsburg Empire between his brother Ferdinand and his son Philip II. Ferdinand got control of central Europe while Philip II got Southern Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, and Spain’s overseas Empire. Charles V Spain • Philip II ruled from 1556 – 1598. • Most powerful absolute monarch in Spanish history • He was(religious) Catholic and tried to stop Protestantism. • Tried to enlarge the Hapsburg Empire, several costly wars. • Cautious, hardworking, and suspicious of others. Spain • Philip supported the Inquisition – a church court set up to stamp out heresy (denial of basic teachings of a religion), for which people were usually executed. Spain • 1567 - Philip II tried to impose Catholicism on the Netherlands, but the Dutch Protestants rebelled against the rule. During a long and bloody war, the Dutch declared their independence in 1581 while the fighting continued. England gave support to the Dutch by providing English Sea Dogs. • 1571 - Philip defeated the Ottoman Turks off the coast of Greece in a naval battle. Spain • Elizabeth I (England’s Virgin Queen) supported the Dutch and Philip II declared her his enemy. • 1586 – Philip planned to invade England add it to the Spanish Empire and return it to Catholicism. • 130 ships and 33,000 men made up the Spanish Armada (Armada – fleet of war ships sent to carry out a mission). They did not succeed in their mission; and this began the decline of the Spanish navy forces and hurt Spanish Pride. Spain • The period from 1550 to 1650 was called Spain’s Siglo de Ora – Golden Century (Century is a hundred years) • Miguel de Cervantes wrote about Don Quixote – a new kind of hero used by the author to make fun of medieval chivalry. • As Spain started to decline in its power, the Muslims and Jews were expelled from the country. • Charles II became King in 1665 and was the last of the Spanish Hapsburgs (Weak and had no heirs). France • King Henry IV founded the Bourbon Dynasty in 1589 and maintained an absolute monarchy. • He was a protestant, but converted to Catholicism in 1593. • He issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598 to reassure the Huguenots (the name given to the Protestants in France) that they had the same civil rights as Catholics. King Henry IV France • Edict helped end religious strife and enabled France to rebuild itself. • Henry restored the Crown’s treasury, repaired roads and bridges, and supported trade • Henry was assassinated in 1610; and his 9-year-old son Louis XIII became King. France • Louis’s mother took control for the next seven years • Louis took control and had his mother exiled from court. • Later he gave his power to one of his advisors: Cardinal Richelieu. France • He then proceeded to take away the rights of the Huguenots as given to them in the Edict of Nantes. • In 1625, radical Huguenots revolted against Louis XIII. • They were defeated France • The Cardinal began to build France up as the supreme European power • Promoted French as the preferred language of European diplomacy and culture. • Skepticism –Intellectual movement – nothing can be known for certain • Birth of the essay – new form of literature, person’s opinion France • Louis XIV (the most powerful Bourbon monarch) became King in 1643 at the age of 5. “I am the State” • France was ruled by his mother, Anne of Austria, and Cardinal Mazarin. • When Mazarin died in 1661, Louis announced he would run his own government. He was 23. • He ruled for 72 years, the longest reign in European history. Louis XIV France • Known as the Sun King • Louis had a grand palace built outside of Paris at Versailles, (The Palace of Versailles) • The palace represented power, wealth and the glory of France. • As many as 10,000 people lived there, and Louis felt safe. France • He also, stripped the nobles of all their powers (such as appointing local officials, collecting taxes, creating alliances with foreign governments). • They had only their social prestige left. • He then appointed special agents of the crown (non-nobles called intendants), since he felt they would not challenge the authority of the king. France • In exchange for ending his nobles’ powers, he freed them from taxation and sold them offices. • He chose his top advisors from the middle class, not the nobility. • The poor carried most of the tax burden, not the nobility, clergy, or government officials. • Minister of finance Jean Baptiste Colbert France • Louis regarded the Huguenots as a threat to his absolute monarchy • Wanted them to accept Catholicism to show their loyalty to the throne. • In 1685, the Edict of Nantes was repealed. • They could no longer practice their religion and their children had to become Catholic. France • 200,000 Huguenots left and went to the Netherlands, England and America, • Europe was worried about the Spanish throne because Charles II would die with no heir and a fight for the throne could result. He left a will and stated the whole Spanish empire would go to Louis XIV, grandson Philip of Anjou. France • This led to The War of the Spanish Succession from 1701-1713. • England, the Netherlands and Austria were against France and Spain. • Peace came with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. • England and the Netherlands recognized Philip V as King of Spain on the condition that France and Spain could never be under one crown. Louis XIV died in 1715. Central Europe • The Hapsburgs tried to setup an absolute monarchy in Central and Eastern Europe. (Ferdinand) • Germany agreed each prince would determine his lands religion • 1618-1648 – The Thirty Years War was over religion & territory, and all major powers were involved except England. (France aided Protestants) • Referred to as the first World War • Worst Disaster since the Plague-4 million German States • The Peace of Westphalia 1648 ended the war, recognized Calvinism as an official religion, and divided the Holy Roman Empire into 300+ states, • France, Italy, & Spain –Catholic • Germany, England , Scandinavia-Protestant • France took over as major power in the world (Not Spain) • Hapsburg got Austria and Bohemia. Austria • 1740 – Maria Theresa ascended to the throne of Austria. • Women were not allowed to rule, so her father, Charles VI, convinced the other European monarchs to accept a pragmatic sanction in 1718. • She had no training, but did quite well as she improved tax collection and roads, and encouraged exports. Maria Theresa Prussia • New state north of Germany • Known as the Great Elector, the first Hohenzollern monarch was Frederick William. • His descendants moved toward an absolute monarchy by buying the help of the Junkers (gave them the exclusive right to be officers in his army). • Frederick William (1713-1740) was a powerful leader. He united all functions of the Prussian government into one bureaucracy with himself in control. * Known as the Royal Drill Sergeant, he devoted his life to the Prussian army and made it an efficient fighting force. He preferred tall soldiers because he liked a regiment of giants. Frederick William I Prussia • Frederick William II – In 1740, he became King of Prussia. • Known as Frederick the Great as he rejected Austria’s pragmatic Sanction and seized the Austrian province of Silesia. • This became know as the conflict called the War of the Austrian Succession. • In 1748, the European powers signed the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. • This treaty recognized Prussia’s rise as an important nation. Also, Frederick was allowed to keep Silesia. Maria Theresa was able to hold the rest of her domains in Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia. Frederick II Prussia • The Seven Years War, caused by War of Austrian Sucession(1756 – 1763) • was a worldwide conflict in which Great Britain (the union of England and Scotland) and Prussia were allied against Austria, France, Russia, and others. • Eventually, the war ended with no territorial changes in Europe, Britain winner Russia • • • • Russia 1500-1800 Made tremendous territorial gains Became a major European power In 1764, the Ukraine came under Russian control. • Poland’s power weakened by the 1600’s and, by the late 1700’s, it was divided among Prussia , Austria, & Russia Russia • Ivan IV (the Terrible or the Awesome) ruled from 1533-1584 (became czar at the age of 3). The most powerful of the early czars, he was learned, religious, cruel, and saw treason everywhere. • He exiled or executed many close advisors and friends, and even killed his own son 1581. • He worked against the Boyars (nobles) to reduce their threat to the throne. His Opprichniki (secret police) terrorized the country. • Ivan increased trade and expanded his borders, made an unsuccessful war against Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden. Ivan the Terrible Russia • Ivan’s death in 1584 brought the “time of troubles.” • 1589-1613 - Nobles feuded over the throne, peasant’s revolted, and foreign invasions occurred. • 1613 - Michael Romanov became the Czar and began the Romanov Dynasty, which lasted until 1917. Russia • Time of Troubles • The Boyars (landowning nobles) struggled for power • Several czar’s mysteriously died. • Peasants, traders, and adventurers moved to Siberia to escape. Peter the Great • Peter I (1689-1725) was 7ft tall and believed in knowledge (he found Russians limited). He learned carpentry, surgery, and dentistry. • He forced the nobility to adopt western ways (women invited to social gatherings, men had to shave or be fined). • Russians were sent to learn: shipbuilding, naval warfare, mathematics, and foreign language. • He built a new capital named St Petersburg on the marsh of the Neva River as a “Window to the West.” Peter the Great • 1689 – Russia forced China to accept Russian control. • 1700’s – Vitus Bering claimed Bering Strait (between Siberia and Alaska). • In 1721, Russia defeated Sweden to control the eastern Baltic region. • He created new classes of nobles (called Dvorianie). In return for government services, they were allowed to own estates. Westernization • • • • • Introduced potatoes Started a newspaper Made people wear western fashions Raised women's status Advanced education Tokugawa Ieyasu • Completed the Unification of Japan • Alternate attendance policy- Keep Daimyo(like a medieval lord) in line • Founded the Tokugawa Shogunate(Dynasty of Shoguns) • Feudal society –Shogun had all power • Haiku poetry-3-line poetry(5-75syllables) & Kabuki Theater Peter the Great • Nobles were given full control over serfs (peasant laborers) allowed to increase and collect new taxes. Nobles did not pay taxes. He also strengthened foreign affairs. • 1725-1762 was a period with various weak monarchs. • Catherine the Great (1762-1796) • Catherine II seized control from Peter III. She believed people were born equal, released nobles from government service, and considered releasing serfs (there were more serfs than ever). Still, conditions worsened for the serfs. Catherine the Great • She had a successful foreign policy, significantly expanded Russia’s borders, secured a warm water port on the Baltic Sea, and used her Russian army to defeat the Ottoman Turks. • Catherine was one of the last great absolute monarchs of the 1700’s. The new ideas of liberty and equality would be a challenge for them. Catherine the Great Scientific Revolution • During the Reformation the scientific Revolution began – mid 1500’s • Scholars believed – Geocentric Theory – earth center- Church taught • Heliocentric Theory – Sun centered – Copernicus developed – early 1500’s – Contradicted religious views – Did not publish –until year died 1543 Scientific Revolution – Tycho Brahe's – movement of planets, continued Copernicus work – Planets revolve around sun in ellipses, oval paths – Proved Copernicus was correct • Johannes Kepler - Protestant – brilliant Mathematician, astronomer ,laws of planetary motion -1601 proved mathematically the planets move in elliptical orbits. Galileo • Catholic and an Italian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist • In 1609. he built his own telescope and observed the sky. • March 1610 published The Starry Messenger. • In 1632, he published more ideas in another book that the Catholic Church banned because it went against their ideas. • Because of threats of torture and death, he recanted some of his statements. • He, however, continued his work and helped come up with the universal laws of physics (such as the law of inertia, which says an object is at rest unless acted upon by another object). • 1992 Catholic Church said officially he was correct! Scientific Method – Logical procedure for gathering info and testing ideas – Hypotheses are theories that attempt to explain a set of facts and are tested by study and observation. – Copernicus was not able to prove his ideas before his death because the mathematics he needed was not available. Sun center of universe Scientific Method • Francis Bacon – English philosopher who helped with the scientific method. • Rene Descartes– French philosopher and mathematician, Analytical Geometry • Descartes believed truth must be reached through observation and experimentation. • He doubted everything except himself and stated, “I think, therefore I am.” Isaac Newton • • • • • • • said asking the right question is half the problem. He studied at Cambridge University, had few friends and was a below- average student. He almost quit school; but one of his teachers recognized his mathematical ability and began tutoring him. In 1665, plague broke out and closed the school. He went home to the farm where he was said to have seen an apple fall, an event which led him to propose the idea of gravity. In 1687, he published his ideas in a book called Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, often called Principia. To prove his theory, he developed calculus, a system of mathematics that calculates changing forces or quantities. Scientific Instruments • 1590 - first microscope –Zacharias Janssen(Eyeglass maker) • 1643 – Torricelli -first mercury barometer (weather predictor) • 1714 – Gabriel Fahrenheit – first mercury thermometer • 1742 – Anders Celsius – thermometer – freezing at 0 Scientific Revolution • Andreas Vesalius –(anatomy had been studied 1000 years ago by Galen and only on dogs and animals, ) • He went against the law and dissected human bodies • He published those discoveries in 1543 in a book called On The Structure of the Human Body. • Late 1700’s Edward Jenner – vaccine to prevent smallpoxs • William Harvey 100 years later discovered that blood circulates throughout the body. The blood is pumped by the heart to the body through arteries and returned to the heart through the veins. Scientific Revolution • Robert Hooke - Using a newly invented microscope, he discovered the cell, naming it after the cell of a honeycomb and his law on elasticity • Robert Boyle took Chemistry to a new level. He criticized alchemists (people who practiced alchemy or chemistry) for their age-old theory of the four basic elements: air; fire; water; and earth. He said in his book, The Skeptical Chymist, in 1661 that air is not a basic element because it is a mixture of several gases. • He also defined an element as not being able to be broken down into anything simpler. Scientific Revolution • Joseph Priestley – In 1774, this English chemist and clergyman discovered the existence of oxygen. His study of the properties of carbon dioxide resulted in his invention of carbonated water(seltzer). • Antoine Lavoisier discovered that when objects are burned, they consume oxygen. He also discovered the nature of the combustion which results from the chemical union of a flammable material with oxygen. • Marie Lavoisier helped her husband by learning English and Latin so that she could translate books and essays for him and make illustrations for him. Big Ideas Enlightenment in Europe • A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems • Age of Reason • 1600-1700’s Enlightenment in Europe • Thomas Hobbes (Natural law – moral laws) argued that he best form of government was an absolute monarch. • He said chaos would occur without it and that people were naturally violent. • He wrote a book called Leviathan in 1651. He further believed people should form a social contract with their ruler to give up their freedom and be obedient to him, with no right to rebel regardless of the circumstances. John Locke • • • • • based his ideas on natural law, began his career in 1667 died in 1704 he felt all people were reasonable and moral and from birth had natural rights to life, liberty, and property. In Two Treaties of Government, he stated that the government should protect the people’s rights, government power should be limited and based on what is permitted by the citizens. Also, they could overthrow the government if necessary. American colonists based their desire for freedom from Britain on these ideas. (Basis for modern democracy) Philosophes • French thinkers, 1718 • Apply reason to all aspects of life – 5 concepts –Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, Liberty Voltaire - 70+ books using satire to attack his foes, fought for freedom of religion and speech “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.” Philosophes • Montesquieu –Smart in political matters, • Wrote The Spirit of Laws in 1748 • Power should be equally divided within the government, with three branches (legislative branch to make the laws, judicial branch to interpret the laws, and executive branch to enforce the laws). He also believed in the rights of the individual. • He influenced the writing of the Constitution of the US. Philosophes • Jean-Jacques Rousseau • He believed human beings were good, but that civilization was corrupting them. • He advocated a return to nature. • In 1762, he published Social Contract. It begins “Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains…” The right to rule rested with the people and they had the right to create a government for the common good. The basis of the government is a social contract. People give up their individual rights to the general will of the majority. For Direct Democracy • Even if you oppose something, you still have to accept it if the majority wants it. Social Contract has influenced democratic thought today. Enlightenment • Thomas Jefferson based much of the Declaration of Independence on Locke’s ideas about the social contract and the right of the people to overthrow the government if it was unjust. • Hugo Grotius was a Dutch jurist who believed that one set of international codes or rules could reduce the dealings between governments and create a system of order. • William Penn was the founder of the Quaker colony of Pennsylvania. He believed in Pacifism (opposition to war or violence in the settling of disputes). Penn advocated an assembly of nations committed to world peace. New Ideas • Deism – Members of the middle and upper classes turned away from traditional religious views in the 1700’s. • Deism swept through Europe and America. Deists believed in God, but denounced organized religion (church authority & Rituals). • Deism was intended to construct a simpler religion based on reason and natural law. Atheism is the belief that God does not exist. Women during Enlightenment • Improve status of women • Mary Astell- lack of education • MARY Wollstonecraft – Vindication of the Rights of Woman -1792 Enlightenment Spreads • Salons – France, and Paris especially, was the most active center of ideas in Europe. • Intellectuals gathered either in salons or the homes of wealthy patrons, writers, artists, and/or educated people of the growing middle class, who now mingled with nobility. • Madame Pompadour ran many of the salons and was Louis XV’s mistress. She was intelligent and charming. • Denis Diderot was the editor of the Encyclopedia, which was first published in 1751. The 28 volumes covered everything: science; technology; history; and pictures. The books criticized both the Church and the government. The Catholic Church banned the book; and he was imprisoned for writing the book Enlightenment Ideas • Enlightened despots were rulers who sought to incorporate enlightenment ideas into their government while still maintaining their own power (such as Prussia’s Frederick II). • Catherine II of Russia praised it, but did not use it. New Ideas • Maria Theresa of Austria introduced humanitarian ideas by freeing all serfs who worked on her estate and setting up elementary schools. Her son, Joseph II, continued her use of humanitarian ideas by abolishing serfdom altogether, making land taxes equal, and taking money from the Catholic Church and to give to hospitals. Most of these reforms failed. • Classical Movement – Art changed from baroque style to simple Greek and Roman circles and squares Neoclassical (rather than swirls), • music became lighter and more elegant, and the violin was perfected which changed the sound of both modern orchestra and chamber music. Johann Bach, Joseph Haydn, and Wolfgang Mozart (who died at 36 leaving 600 works behind) were the top musicians of the era. New Ideas • Immanuel Kant - A German thinker who believed in metaphysics (the existence of God). He said that physical reason and spiritual reason were separate and that, even though you could not prove the spiritual, it could be taken on faith they were true. • John Wesley founded Methodism, a religious movement in England. He stressed the value of a personal religious experience. • Romanticism was a cultural movement based on emotion and the individual. These developments ended the age of enlightenment. Lower classes began demanding more realism!