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Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Energy powerhouses
Maddie Hughes, Izzie Gall, Erin Semple,
Alex Capaldo, Alex Park
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
• Power centers of a cell
o Plant or animal
• Provide energy for the cell
o Motion
o Division
o Secretion
o Contraction
• Present in all living cells
• More concentrated in muscle cells
• The reason animals require oxygen
Mitochondria: Structure
• Double membrane
o Outer membrane
 Simple phospholipid bilayer
 Easy for molecules like ATP or sugar to penetrate
 Smooth
 Separates inner membrane space from vacuole
o Inner membrane
 Cristae greatly increase the membrane's surface area
 Site of ATP production from oxygen and sugar
 Krebs/citric acid cycle
Mitochondria: Structure
• Non-membrane spaces
o Intermembrane space
 Between outer and inner membranes
 Contains energy before it is released to the
cytoplasm/vacuole
 Contains oxygen, water, CO2 on their way to cristae
o Matrix
 Within cristae
 Contains enzymes used during Krebs cycle
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
• Aid the mitochondria in energy production
o Plant cells only
• Contain chlorophyll
o Absorbs light
o Responsible for green coloration
• Responsible for creation of oxygen
Chloroplasts: Structure
• Double membrane
o Outer membrane
 Simple phospholipid bilayer
 Easy for molecules like ATP or sugar to penetrate
 Smooth
o Inner membrane
 Regulates substances entering chloroplast
 Smooth
• Thylakoids
 Location of photosynthesis (the "light" reactions)
 Membrane disks
 Equivalent of mitochondrial cristae
 Arranged in grana (stacks)
Chloroplasts: Structure
• Non-membrane spaces
o Stroma
 Space between thylakoid disks
 Site of "dark" reactions of photosynthesis
 Contains the enzymes required for these reactions
Chloroplasts
• Create energy for the cell
o Convert light into ATP
• Plant cells only
• Create O2 and carbs
• Double membrane
• Krebs cycle
o Takes place on
thylakoids, separate
from membranes
Mitochondria
• Create energy for the cell
o Convert food energy into
ATP
• Plant and animal cells
• Consume O2 and carbs
• Double membrane
• Calvin cycle
o Takes place on cristae,
identical to the inner
membrane
o
Sources
HyperPhysics. C.R. Knave/Georgia State University, 2005. Web. 1
Sept. 2009. <http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/HBASE/Biology/mitochondria.html>.
Sullivan, Jim. "Eucaryotic Cell Interactive Animation." 2006. Cells
Alive. 31 Aug. 2009
<http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm>.
Experimental Biosciences: Introductory Laboratory Bios 211. David
R. Caprette, Rice University, 25 June 2009. Web. 2 Sept. 2009.
<http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/studies/mitochondria/mitotheor
y.html>.
"Chloroplasts." Kimball's Biology Pages. Ed. John W. Kimball. John
W. Kimball, 10 August 2003. Web. 2 Sept. 2009.
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/>.