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ASSIGNMENT 2 – HARDWARE & OPERATING SYSTEM A. Hardware 1. List down different kind of motherboard for the PC. AT Motherboard – Full AT and Baby AT ATX Motherboard BTX Motherboard ITX Motherboard 2. What is the different between AT and ATX motherboard? Sketch the layout of the two motherboard? AT Motherboard - AT is an old standard motherboard. - AT board is wider compared to ATX board by 4inches. - AT only supplies 5V power. - AT has one 20pins connector. - The power switches connected directly to the power supply SA Slot RAM Slot PCI Slot IDE Connector CPU Socket Floppy Connector Power Connector ATX Motherboard - ATX is new motherboard to replace AT. - ATX is smaller than AT. - ATX normally supplies both 3.3V and 5V power. - ATX has two 6pins connectors. - The power switch is connected to the motherboard. PCI Slot CPU Socket AGT RAM Slot IDE Connector Floppy Connector Power Connector 3. List the pins number of various kind of connector on the motherboard and at the back of the PC. Motherboard - IDE Connector (40 pins), Floppy Connector, (34 pins), ATX Power Connector (24 pins), PCI (64 pins), AGP (132 pins) Back of PC - Parallel Port (25 pins), Series Port (9/15 pins), VGA (15pins), PS/2 Keyboard and Mouse Port (6 pins). USB (4 pins) 4. What are the DC voltages we can find from the DC power supply? The voltage from the DC Power Supply is 12V. 5. List down the electrical problem we are facing when operating our PC? - DISK I/O error - Read/Write errors - No display on screen - I/O device or Adapter freezes and doesn't function 6. What are ESD, EMI and RFI? ESD stands for Electro Static Discharge. It is the process of limiting electric current that flows when an excess of electric charge, stored on an electrically insulated object, finds a path to an object at a different electrical potential (such as ground) by separating them with a barrier made of a lightly conductive material. Static dissipative materials have electrical resistance between insulative and conductive materials. There can be electron flow across or through the dissipative material, but it is controlled by the surface resistance or volume resistance of the material. * Typical materials for ESD shielding in the semiconductor and medical device industries include carbon-filled silicone and polyurethane blends that shield highly sensitive electronic circuitry. EMI stands for Electromagnetic Interference. It is the process of blocking the induction of electromagnetic radiation, which is emitted by electrical circuits carrying rapidly changing signals, as a byproduct of their normal operation to other circuits which causes unwanted signals (interference or noise). This is achieved by separating the circuits with a barrier made of conductive material. RFI stands for Radio Frequency Interference. It is the process blocking radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation from one circuit to another by separating them with a barrier made of conductive material. This is achieved by separating the circuits with a barrier made of conductive material. 7. List different kind of PC storage. Hard-disk Compact disk Digital Versatile disk Blue-Ray disk 8. List various kinds of RAM and their pin numbers SRAM – Static Random Access Memory ~> 68 pins DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory ~> 72 pins SDRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory ~> 184 pins DDR SDRAM - Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory ~> 184 pins RDRAM - Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory ~>184 pins CMOS RAM - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Random Access Memory ~> 8 pins VRAM - Video Random Access Memory ~> 72 pins B. Operating System 1. What is the function of OS? Operating system is an interface between hardware & user which is responsible for the management and wordination of activities & sharing resource of computer. 2. List down some of the OS that we can use in a small computer? Windows Linux 3. What is the different between text based and graphic base OS? Text based OS It refers to handling text, not graphics. DOS and UNIX are inherently textbased operating systems, in contrast to Windows and the Mac, which are graphics based. Graphic based OS It is the display of text and pictures as graphics images; typically bitmapped images. Windows and the Mac are inherently graphics based operating system. 4. List down some of the internal and external command of the text based and briefly explains the function of these command. Internal Command cd - change directory dir - List the directory cls – Clear screen External Command Fdisk - Create or delete the partitioning Format - Format primary partition Setup – To install operating system 5. What is FDISK used for and then list down the menu that we can find under FDISK. Fdisk It is commonly used to create or delete partition in an operating system. Menu under Fdisk 1) Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive 2) Set active partition 3) Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive 4) Display partition indormation 6. Explain briefly what File System is. File system is a method for storing and organizing computer files and the data they contain to make it easy to find and access them. It may use a data storage such as Hard Disk, involve in maintaining the physical location of the files, might provide access to data on a file server by acting as clients for network protocol (e.g. NFS, SMB or 9P Clients), and may be virtual and exist only as an access method for virtual data (e.g. process file system). 7. What is the different between physical and logical drive? Physical disk It is an operational hard disk, which may be formatted to include more than one logical drive. Logical disk It is a device that provides an area of usable storage capacity on one or more physical disk drive component in a computer system. 8. List down the complete steps on how to install Windows 98 OS? 1. Insert Win98 OS CD. 2. Restart the PC. 3. Click F2 repeatedly when the window is run until the BIOS Setup Utility Boot shown (CMOS~ >Detect Driver). 4. Go Boot and arrange the CD-Rom at the top and Hard-disk at the second position by using “ + ” and “ – ˮ. 5. Click F10 to save and quit. 6. Click 2 to Install the Win98 by using CD-Rom. 7. Click 2 to run the Win98 by using CD-Rom. 8. Type D: and hit enter to the option. 9. Type ‘y’ to enable the large disk. 10.4 option will display on the screen. 11.Type ‘4’ and hit enter to make sure there is no partition and hit esc to back. 12.Type ‘1’ and hit enter to create DOS Partition and Logical DOS Partition. 13. Type ‘1’ and hit enter to create Primary partition. 14. Enter the size that wants to set for primary partition. 15. If the primary partition not used the whole size, type ‘1’ to create partition and type ‘2’ to create a extended partition and logical disk. 16. Set the remaining of the size and hit enter to create logical disk. 17. Set the size for the extended and logical partition. 18. Click esc to back and type ‘4’ to check the partition information. 19. If there is all you want, then type ‘2’ to set the primary as active. 20. Click esc to quit and click ‘ctrl + alt + del’ to restart. 21. Type ‘F:’ to change from ‘D:’ to ‘F:’ because ‘C:’ is primary, ‘D:’ is extended and ‘E:’ is logical disk. 22. Type ‘cd win98’ and hit enter. 23. Type ‘format c:’ and hit enter. 24. Type ‘y’ and hit enter to format ‘c:’. 25. Enter name for ‘c:’. 26. Finally, type ‘setup’ and hit enter to run the setup of the Wins 98 installation. 9. What is the different between basic and dynamic disk? Basic disks Basic disks are the ones that IT pros are most familiar with, and the typical terms and technologies apply. Dynamic disks Dynamic disks support new features and sport new terminology. *In full sentence* Basic disks use normal partition tables supported by MS-DOS and all Windows versions. A basic disk contains basic volumes, such as primary partitions, extended partitions, and logical drives. Any volume sets, stripe sets, mirror sets, or stripe sets with parity, it must be back up and delete or convert them to dynamic disks before installing Windows OS. Basic disk are limited to creating only four primary partitions per disk or three primary partitions and one extended partition with logical drives. Dynamic disks do not use partitions or logical drives. Dynamic disks offer greater flexibility for volume management because they use a database to track information about dynamic volumes on the disk and about other dynamic disks in the computer. With dynamic storage, it can perform disk and volume management without restarting Windows. Dynamic disks are not supported on laptop computers or on computers with Windows XP Home Edition installed. The number of volumes that can be created on a dynamic hard disk is only limited by the amount of free space available.