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Chapter 12
Recovery and Rebirth:
The Renaissance
Timeline
Meaning and Characteristics of
the Italian Renaissance
Renaissance = Rebirth
Jacob Burkhardt
Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860)
Urban Society
Age of Recovery
Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture
Emphasis on individual ability
Beginning in Italy, the Renaissance (or “rebirth”)
was an era that rediscovered the culture of ancient
Greece and Rome. It was also a time of recovery
from the fourteenth century. In comparison with
medieval society, the Renaissance had a more
secular and individualistic ethos, but might best been
seen as evolutionary in its urban and commercial
continuity from the High Middle Ages. In the North
Sea, the Hanseatic League competed with merchants
from the Mediterranean, where the Venetians had a
commercial empire. In Florence, profits from the
woolen industry were invested in banking.
The aristocracy remained the ruling class, its ideals
explicated in Castiglione’s The Book of the Courtier.
Peasants were still the vast majority, but serfdom and
manorialism were dying out. An important minority
were the inhabitants of towns and cities, with
merchants and bankers at the apex and the unskilled
workers at the bottom. The father or husband as a
dictator dominated the extended family, and
marriages were arranged for social and economic
advantage. Wives were much younger than their
husbands, with their primary function being to bear
children; the mortality rate in childbirth and for
infants and young children remained high.
The Making of Renaissance
Society
Economic Recovery
Italian cities lose economic supremacy
Hanseatic League
Manufacturing
• Textiles, printing, mining and metallurgy
Banking
• Florence and the Medici
The Polish City of Gdansk
An Important Member of the Hanseatic League
Social Changes in the
Renaissance
The Nobility
Reconstruction of the aristocracy
Aristocracy: 2 – 3 percent of the population
Baldassare Castiglione (1478 – 1529)
The Book of the Courtier (1528)
Service to the prince
Peasants and Townspeople
Peasants
Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population
Decline of manorial system and serfdom
Urban Society
Patricians
Petty burghers, shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, and
guildsmen
The poor and unemployed
Slaves
Family and Marriage in
Renaissance Italy
Husbands and Wives
Arranged Marriages
Husband head of household
Wife managed household
Children
Childbirth
Sexual Norms
The Italian States in the
Renaissance
Five Major Powers
Milan
Venice
Florence
• The Medici
The Papal States
Kingdom of Naples
Independent City-States
Mantua
Ferrara
Urbino
The Role of Women
Warfare in Italy
Struggle between France and Spain
Invasion and division
Italy was dominated by five major states: the
duchy of Milan, Florence, Venice, the Papal
States, and the kingdom of Naples. There were
also other city-states that were centers of culture
and where women played vital roles. At the end of
the fifteenth century, Spain and France invaded
the divided peninsula. The exemplar of the new
statecraft was Niccolo Machiavelli (d.527), whose
The Prince described the methods of gaining and
holding political power: moral concerns are
irrelevant, for the ends justify the means.
Map 12.1: Renaissance Italy
The Birth of Modern Diplomacy
Modern diplomacy a product of
Renaissance Italy
Changing concept of the ambassador
Resident ambassadors
Agents of the territorial state
Machiavelli and the New
Statecraft
Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527)
The Prince
Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of
political power
Cesare Borgia
There was an increased emphasis upon the
human. Among the influential humanists
was Petrarch (d.1374) in his advocacy of
classical Latin writers. Civic humanism
posited that the ideal citizen was not only an
intellectual but also a patriot, actively
serving the state, and humanist education
was to produce individuals of virtue and
wisdom. The printing press was perfected,
multiplying the availability of books.
Italian Renaissance Humanism
Classical Revival
Petrarch (1304 – 1374)
Humanism in Fifteenth-Century Italy
Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444)
• New Cicero
Lorenzo Valla (1407 – 1457)
Humanism and Philosophy
Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499)
• Translates Plato’s dialogues
• Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism
Renaissance Hermeticism
Ficino, Corpus Hermeticum
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 – 1494), Oration on the
Dignity of Man
Education, History, and the
Impact of Printing
Education in the Renaissance
Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric),
letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy and
music
Education of women
Aim of education was to create a complete citizen
Humanism and History
Secularization
Guicciardini (1483 – 1540), History of Italy, History of Florence
The Impact of Printing
Johannes Gutenberg
• Movable type (1445 – 1450)
• Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456)
The spread of printing
Art in the Early Renaissance
Masaccio (1401 – 1428)
Perspective and Organization
Movement and Anatomical Structure
Paolo Uccelo (1397 – 1475)
The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian
Sandro Botticelli (1445 – 1510)
Primavera
Donato di Donatello (1386 – 1466)
David
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446)
The Cathedral of Florernce
Church of San Lorenzo
In art, the aim was to imitate nature by the
use of realistic perspective. Masaccio
(d.1428), Donatello (d.1466) and
Michelangelo (d.1564) made Florence a
locus of the arts. The High Renaissance of
Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci (d.1519)
and Raphael (d.1520) combined natural
realism with Platonic idealism. The artisan
might become a great artist, and thus
transform his social and economic status.
Masaccio, Tribute Money
The Artistic High Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
Last Supper
Raphael (1483 – 1520)
School of Athens
Michelangelo (1475 – 1564)
The Sistine Chapel
Raphael, School of Athens
The Artist and Social Status
Early Renaissance
Artists as craftsmen
High Renaissance
Artists as heroes
The Northern Artistic
Renaissance
Jan van Eyck (c. 1380 – 1441)
Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528)
Adoration of the Magi
Van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and
His Bride
Music in the Renaissance
Burgundy
Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400 – 1474)
The Renaissance Madrigal
The European State in the
Renaissance
The Renaissance State in Western Europe
France
• Louis XI the Spider King (1461 – 1483)
England
• War of the Roses
• Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509)
Spain
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•
•
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Unification of Castile and Aragón
Establishment of professional royal army
Religious uniformity
The Inquisition
Conquest of Granada
Expulsion of the Jews
Map 12.2: Europe in the Second
Half of the Fifteenth Century
Map 12.3: The Iberian Peninsula
It was the era of the “new monarchies.” In
France, Louis XI (d.1483), the Spider,
established a centralized state. England’s
Henry VII (d.1509) limited the private
armies of the aristocracy, raised taxes, and
left a more powerful monarchy. In Spain,
Isabella (d.1504) and Ferdinand (d.1516)
created a professional army and enforced
religious uniformity by the conversion and
expulsion of Jews and Moslems.
Central, Eastern, and Ottoman
Empires
Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire
Habsburg Dynasty
Maximilian I (1493 – 1519)
The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern
Europe
Poland
Hungary
Russia
The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine
Empire
Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory
Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453)
The Holy Roman Empire remained weak, but
the Habsburg emperors created a strong state
of their own through numerous marriages.
The were no “new monarchies” in eastern
Europe, but Russia’s Ivan III (d.1505) ended
Mongol control. Lastly, in 1453 the Ottoman
Turks captured Constantinople.
Map 12.4: The Ottoman Empire and
Southeastern Europe
The Church in the Renaissance
The Problems of Heresy and Reform
John Wycliff (c. 1328 – 1384) and Lollardy
John Hus (1374 – 1415)
• Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the
clergy
• Burned at the stake (1415)
Church Councils
The Papacy
The Renaissance Papacy
Julius II (1503 – 1513)
• “Warrior Pope”
Nepotism
Patrons of Culture
• Leo X (1513 – 1521)
The church was besieged by problems. John Wyclif
(d.1384) and John Hus (d.1415) condemned the
papacy for corruption, its temporal concerns, and
demanded the Bible in the vernacular. The popes
reflected their era, and their secular involvements
overshadowed their spiritual responsibilities. Some
preferred war and politics to prayer and piety, and
others ignored their vows of celibacy, ambitiously
advancing their families over the needs of the
faithful. Most were great patrons of the arts, but
religious concerns ranked behind the pleasures of
this life.
Discussion Questions
Does the Renaissance represent a sharp break from the
Middle Ages or a continuation of the Medieval Period?
What social changes did the Renaissance bring about?
How did Machiavelli deal with the issue of political
power?
How did the printing press change European society?
What technical achievements did Renaissance artists
make? Why were they significant?
What was the relation between art and politics in
Renaissance Italy?
How did the popes handle the growing problems that were
emerging in the Church in the Fifteenth and early
Sixteenth Century?
Web Links
Renaissance Secrets
Explore Leonardo’s Studio
Leonardo da Vinci on the BBC
Vatican Exhibit – Rome Reborn
Renaissance – Focus on Florence
The Uffizi Gallery – Florence
Vatican Museums – The Sistine Chapel
Gutenberg.de
The War of the Roses
The Ottoman Website