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1 Objectives • Describe the spread of Hellenism in the wake of Alexander. • Discuss the impact of Hellenistic culture to western society. 2 Antigonid, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid Empires. Hellenism, the culture of Classical Greece, spread from the year 333 BCE throughout the Empire of Alexander the Great until circa 63 BCE when Rome conquered the territory. Greek culture strongly influenced Rome in the areas of politics, science, philosophy, religion, and architecture 3 Ptolemaic Dynasty Ptolemy I, a close advisor to Alexander the Great, took over the Egyptian part of the empire. His dynasty, the thirty-second, would be the last in Egyptian history. Although Ptolemy was Greek, as Pharaoh he used many of the traditions of Egyptian Kings. He and his successors married their sisters. The wives of the Ptolemaic Pharaohs were named Cleopatra "kleos" is the Greek word for "famous" and "patris" is the Greek word for "parents". Cleopatra VII 4 Ptolemy Pharaoh The Ptolemaic Pharaohs kept many Greek customs. They spoke Greek and made Greek the official language of Egypt. The Ptolemaic Pharaohs even changed the name of Egypt from Kemet, the ancient name of Egypt. 5 The Antigonid Dynasty Antigonus I The Antigonid dynasty, founded by General Antigonus, ruled over Macedonia and the Aegean kingdoms, Asia Minor and Syria. Antigonus attempted to conquer the other two dynasties and form one great empire but lost everything but Macedon at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. 6 Philip V of Macedon, 221 BCE Philip V ascended the Antigonid throne in 221 BCE and reigned until 179 BCE. His empire was filled with many rivalries from other city-states. Philip V Antigonid Dynasty He was succeeded by his eldest son, Perseus, who ruled as the last king of the Antigonid Dyansty. Macedon came under Roman rule after losing the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC. 7 The Seleucid Empire Seleucus I Nicator who founded the Seleucid Empire, was one of Alexander the Great’s generals in Babylonia. He expanded his empire west to Syria, north to Thrace, and east to the Indus River valley. Seleucus I Nicator The Seleucids brought Hellenism to all of their empire. The Seleucids could not maintain their empire and by 190 BCE the Romans conquered most of Anatolia, reducing the Seleucid Empire to Syria, Mesopotamia 8 and most of the Persian plateau. Thrace Syria Indus River 9 Jewish Maccabean Revolt Hellenism was not always tolerated by the local people. In 167 BCE, a Jewish priest named Mattathias started the revolt against the Hellenistic Seleucids when they erected a statue of Zeus in Jerusalem. A special candle holder with nine candles is used to celebrate Hanukkah After his death, the revolt was led by his son, Judas Maccabaeus, who raised an army of Jewish dissidents. He carried out a successful campaign of guerrilla warfare and defeated the Seleucid Army in 164 BCE. This victory is celebrated by Jews around the world as Hanukkah. 10 King Philip V lost to Roman forces, 197 BCE Thessaly Roman coin of Flamininus Macedonia became a Roman vassal state in 197 BCE after the Battle of Cynoscephalae, near Thesallay. The Romans, led by Flamininus, easily surrounded the Macedonian phalanx. The Macedonian phalanx, once the most powerful army unit of the ancient world, was proven inferior to the Roman legion. Macedonia became a tribute state to Rome. 11 Polybius describes the Roman Legion “The Roman order on the other hand is flexible: for every Roman, once armed and on the field, is equally wellequipped for every place, time, or appearance of the enemy. He is, moreover, quite ready and needs to make no change, whether he is required to fight in the main body, or in a detachment, or in a single maniple, or even by himself. Therefore, as the individual members of the Roman force are so much more serviceable, their plans are also much more often attended by success than those of others.” From the Roman historian Polybius, The Histories 12 of Polybius Macedonia Became a Roman Province, 146 BCE Roman and Macedonian Soldiers The Fourth Macedonian War occurred between 149 and 148 BCE. The Macedonians attacked and were defeated by the Romans. After this defeat, Rome made Macedonia into an official province of Rome, ending its independence. 13 Corinth destroyed by the Romans, 146 BCE Because the Corinthians had been part of the Macedonian War, the Roman Consul Mummius ordered that the city be razed to put an end to Greek resistance. The city was burnt to the ground, the men slaughtered, and the women and children sold into slavery. Corinthian Vase The art treasures and gold were taken to Rome. The city was deserted for almost 100 years until it was refounded by Julius Caesar in 44 BCE as the capital of Roman Greece. 14 Sulla placed all of Greece under Roman rule, 86 BCE In 86 BCE Roman General Sulla’s legion sacked Athens. He defeated the Hellenistic armies and placed all of Greece under Roman control. Greece remained under the rule of foreign conquerors until it gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1832. 15 Close 16