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Name _______________________________ HONORS FORENSIC SCIENCE FORENSIC SEROLOGY –BLOOD AND BODILY FLUIDS I. II. III. General – i. Blood __________________________________________________________ ii. _______________________________________________________________ History i. 1901 – Karl Landsteiner – ____________________________________________; won Nobel Prize ii. 1937 – _____________________________________________________________ Blood i. Composed of a _______________________________________________________ ii. Fluid portion of blood = ________________________________________________ iii. Suspended in plasma are 1. _____________________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________________ iv. Blood clots __________________________________________________________ v. If remove clotted material would have ____________________________________ vi. On RBC surface are ___________________________________________________ 1. _____________________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________________ 4. _____________________________________________________________ 5. _____________________________________________________________ 6. _____________________________________________________________ vii. Method to Type Blood 1. Serum contains proteins (antibodies) that ___________________ ______________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________ viii. People in US with different blood types 1. _____________________________________ 2. _____________________________________ 3. _____________________________________ 4. _____________________________________ 5. Rh IV. 1. _____________________________________ 2. _____________________________________ Forensic Characterization of Blood i. Questions to Ask 1. _________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ 3. If human, ________________________________________________________ ii. Is it Blood? 1. Must have enough _________________________________________________ 2. Some chemicals ___________________________________________________ then cannot be performed 3. __________________________________________ can also degrade samples 4. _________________________________________________________________ 5. Tests 1. Presumptive Tests – __________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 1. ____________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________ i. Both Kastle Meyer and Benzidine are based on the _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 3. Hemastix ___________________________________________ 4. Luminal – ___________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________________ 6. Does not interfere with ________________________________ 2. Confirmatory Tests – ________________________________________ 1. ____________________________________________________ 2. Also called Microcrystalline Tests – _______________________ ____________________________________________________ 3. Teichmann and Takayama Tests iii. What Species? 1. Preciptin test 1. Precipitin = ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 2. IF inject animal with human blood, _____________________________ __________________________________________________________ 3. Isolate these antibodies = _____________________________________ 2. Various methods to perform tests V. 1. Gel Diffusion – _______________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 2. Electrophorectic method – ______________________________ i. _____________________________________________ ii. _____________________________________________ iii. _____________________________________________ iv. _____________________________________________ iv. Can blood be associated to a particular individual? 1. _________________________________________________________________ 2. Typing Dried Stains – _______________________________________________ 1. __________________________________________________________. Can still get antigens out. 2. Treatment with anti-serum; ___________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 3. Excess antibodies are _________________________________________ 4. Antibodies and antigens are ___________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 5. Add known _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ on the added blood cells were originally on stained material as well 6. ___________________________________________________________ 7. ___________________________________________________________ 3. Secretors 1. ___________________________________________________________ 2. = an _______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ fluids (semen, saliva, etc) 4. Blood Enzymes and Proteins 1. __________________________________________________________ 2. Enzyme = __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 3. Many are ____________________________________ and can be separated into iso-enzymes ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ (p. 335) Principles of Heredity i. Transmission of our Traits 1. All antigens, polymorphic enzymes and proteins are _________________________________________________________________ 2. Transmission of hereditary material is _________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________________ 4. Reproductive cells (egg and sperm) _________________________________ ________________________the parent. During fertilization, _______________ _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________ _________________________________ 5. If the two genes are alike = ___________________________________________ 6. If the two genes are different = _______________________________________ 7. The genes present in an individual = ___________________________________ 8. The physical manifestation of the genetic trait = __________________________ 9. Principles of heredity are useful in ____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 10. Punnet Squares ____________________________________________________ 11. Example: Male parent is Type O (phenotype) and therefore has OO as his genotype and female parent is Type AB (phenotype) and therefore has AB as her genotype. Construct a Punnet square to determine possible genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring. 12. _________________________________________________________________ 13. Bottom line, _______________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 14. Useful in __________________________________________________________ VI. Stain Patterns of Blood i. Information bloodstain patterns provide includes: 1. _________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________________ 4. The relative positions of the __________________________________________ 5. _________________________________________________________________ VII. _________________________________________________________________ 6. _________________________________________________________________ 7. The truthfulness of _________________________________________________ ii. Circumstances that affect stain patterns 1. Surface texture – in general, __________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________. The pointed end ______________________________________________________________ 3. The impact angle of blood on a ________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________. Example – right angle = nearly circular. _________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4. Origin of spatter: __________________________________________________ ________________________________________ The intersection or point of _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 5. Edges – can indicate velocity __________________________________. Higher velocity impacts produce ____________________________________________ iii. Classifying projected spatters 1. Low velocity spatters – ______________________________________________ 1. ___________________________________________________________ 2. Arterial bleeding is ___________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________ because of centrifugal force 2. Medium velocity spatters – ___________________________________________ 1. Smaller droplets are __________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________ 3. Blood mixed with ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 3. High velocity spatters – faster _________________________________________ 1. Aerosol spray indicates _______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2. Bloodstain associated with entrance wound = _________________________________, _________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 1. ____________________________________________________ 3. Bloodstain found near exit wound = _____________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Other Bodily Fluids i. Semen 1. Normal male ______________________________________________________ 2. Each ml __________________________________________________________ 3. Forensic characterization of semen is __________________________________ 1. ____________________________________________________ i. _____________________________________________ ii. __________________________________________, can use tests to determine presence of seminal fluid 2. ____________________________________________________ 4. Presumptive tests 1. Acid Phosphatase Color Test 1. ____________________________________________________ 2. Use of reagent on materials _____________________________ ____________________________________________________ 3. May produce _________________________________________ 5. Confirmatory tests 1. Microscopic Examination – ____________________________________ 1. Problem – if individual had vasectomy, ____________________ ___________________________________________________ 2. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 1. ___________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________ 6. Secretor Status 1. Can determine ______________________________________________ ii. Saliva 1. May be recovered from ______________________________________________ 2. May reveal ABO ____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3. Testing for saliva involves testing for ___________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________________________________