Download Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural

WHAP Unit 1 Chapter 2 Reading Guide
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Name:
Date:
Hour:
Read Chapter 2 and Identify the following:
Civilization:
Complex societies, urban-based
societies, state-organized societies;
have cities, specialized workers,
complex institutions, writing/record
keeping, advanced technology
Sumer:
First civilization, in Mesopotamia
Epic of Gilgamesh:
Most famous literary work from
ancient Mesopotamia, tells of one
man’s quest for immortality
Code of Hammurabi:
Series of laws by King of Babylon, first
written law code
Patriarchy:
“rule of the father”, social system of
male dominance
Key Concept 1.2
State:
Political unit, centralized, coordinated,
regulated, adjudicated, militarized
Logophonetic:
Using symbols to designate both
whole words and particular sounds or
syllables
Cuneiform:
Writing of Mesopotamia in which
wedge-shaped symbols are pressed
into clay
Hebrews:
Monotheist group from Mesopotamia,
had law code, migrated to Palestine
and later Egypt
Hieroglyphs:
Writing in which pictures represent
words, Egyptian writing
Hyksos:
Invaders of Egypt, brought about end
of Middle Kingdom, chariots
Mandate of Heaven:
The gods choose the rulers, ruler has
authority of the gods in China
Pharaoh:
God/king of Egypt, “the palace”, used
during the New Kingdom of Egypt
Phoenicians:
Mediterranean civilization, known for
sailing, alphabet, purple dye
Quipu:
Record-keeping system of the Inca
early Andean
Ziggurat:
Step pyramid created in Mesopotamia
2 each
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The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies
I. The Neolithic Revolution
D. Agricultural communities
had to work cooperatively to
clear land and create water
control systems needed for
crop production.
Irrigation systems
Oxus=irrigation agriculture
Needed more farm land-clear land
Break up soil (till)
Terracing
E. These agricultural practices
(B, C, D) drastically impacted
the environment.
Soil erosion, overworking the soil
deforestation
overgrazing
II. Agriculture and pastoralism began to transform human societies.
D. Hierarchical and patriarchal
social structures
With specialization of labor, social classes formed. Leaders and elites emerged in the
state and in social hierarchy. First civs were male dominated although Egypt seemed
to be a little more favorable for women (business).
Key Concept 1.3
The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural,
Pastoral, and Urban Societies
I. Core and foundational
civilizations
(List and describe location)
Sumer in Mesopotamia between Tigris and Euphrates, Egypt in Nile River Valley, Norte
Chico (coastal) and Early Andean(Chavin) in modern-day Peru, Indus River Valley
(Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa), China (Xia, Shang, Zhou) on Yellow or Huang He, Central
Asia or Oxus in modern Afghanistan, Olmec in Mesoamerica
II. The first states emerged within core civilizations.
A. Types of rule, rulers
B. States grew and competed
for land and resources
C. Early regions of expansion
or empire building
D. New Weapons and modes
of transportation
III. Culture unified states
A. Monumental architecture
and urban planning
B. Arts and artisanship
C. Record keeping
D. Legal Codes
China: Mandate of Heaven, Son of Heaven, dynastic cycle
Babylon: Hammurabi
Some rulers ruled by divine power/right or was backed by military
Authoritarian
Mesopotamia: priests,warrior kings over cities, then empire building
Egypt: Pharaohs, god/king, old/middle/new kingdom, theocracy
Indus: no real evidence to prove political structure
Hereditary rule, dynasties
Coordinated labor
Olmec spread influence by force
Started empires
Need materials/resources not available in their land
Mesopotamia grew: villagers moving to cities due to invasion
Egypt grew, united (Upper and Lower) and expanded in Nile Valley, Egypt into Nubia,
Hyksos into Egypt
Akkadians (Sargon), Babylonians, Assyrians
Captives absorbed into new empire/blending of cultures
Compound bows, Iron weapons, chariots, horseback riding, traps, daggers, swords,
metal used in weapons
China-Bronze chariots, weapons for the wealthy not poor—used wood
Fish nets
Bronze swords, spears, axes, shields, armor, knives
Plows
Wheel
Ships
Indus: Elaborate planned cities in Mohenjo-Daro/Harappa but no elaborate
architecture, plumbing
Oxus: fortified centers
Mesopotamia: ziggurats, defensive walls
Egypt: pyramids and tombs, temples, Sphinx, tied to astronomy
Streets and roads
Sewage and water systems
Olmec: Big Heads, pyramids, giant jaguar temple
China: walls
Cotton textiles in Andean
Jewelry, statues (Olmec big heads)
Sculpting, painting, wall decorations, elaborate weaving
Pottery
Cuneiform-first written language
Early Indus River Valley had undeciphered written language, pictographic
China: oracle bones
Egypt: Hieroglyphics
Andean: Quipu
Olmec: had signs that represent sounds, linked to later Mayan writing
Hebrews-Ten Commandments
Mesopotamia: Babylon—Hammurabi’s Code, first written
E. Religion
F. Expansion of trade
G. Social and gender
hierarchies
H. Literature
Edicts from leader/ruler
Hebrews: monotheism
Olmec: ritual bloodletting, priests
Andean: polytheistic, Chavin cult
Mesopotamia: ceremonial, polytheistic, ziggurats
Indus: trees and animals were sacred, fertility important, polytheistic (Indra)
Egypt: Polytheistic, Pharaohs were living gods (short-lived monotheistic),
mummification
China: polytheistic, ancestor worship, son of heaven
Olmec: trade linked them with other Mesoamericans
Andean: trade from coast to mountain, traded silver, gold and copper
Indus: traded much with Mesopotamia
Egypt: along the Nile, into Mediterranean
Indus RV: not sure, maybe ruled by priests, early form of caste system, wealthy had
bathrooms
Egypt: patriarchal but women had more rights than in other civilizations, pharaohs at
the top and farmers at the bottom, Queen Hatshepsut
Commoners labored for the elite in Olmec civilization
Special tombs for leaders in Olmec
China: king on top
Olmec: kings and ruling families on top of society
Mesopotamia: Epic of Gilgamesh
Egypt: Book of the Dead
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Map: On the map, draw in and label all of the “First Civilizations” discussed in this chapter.