Download Chapter 14 Study Guide

Chapter 14 Study Guide
Key Terms
Habsburgs- dynasty that ruled Spain and HRE during the wars of religion.
French Wars of Religion- civil wars between the Guise and Bourbon families in
France; was sparked by the Guises’ attempt to sentence the Bourbon leader, duc de
Conde, to death; included such events as St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, War of the
Three Henrys, and massacres of the innocents between both Protestants and Catholics.
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre- after civil war in France broke out,
Catherine de Medicis attempted to establish peace in whatever possible way
(Machiavellian); Catherine decided to set up a marriage between her daughter Margaret
and Henry Navarre; this ended in a massacre of the innocents in which many
Huguenots were slain by the Guises at the wedding; Catherine allowed this to happen
because she thought that since the Guises were the stronger of the two factions, it could
eliminate the other one and thus establish long lasting peace in France.
Catholic League- society that pledged its first allegiance to the Catholic faith;
slaughtered Protestants and were in control of Paris; collapsed during Henry IV’s rule.
Philip II- ruler of Spain and had claim to the Burgundian inheritance; “King of
Paper;” supported the Guises in France’s civil war; wanted to eradicate Protestants; his
Spanish Armada was defeated by the English Sea Dogs after Elizabeth I executed Mary
of Scots; left his half-sister, Margaret of Parma, to rule the Netherlands where she
practiced Protestant toleration; he then decided to impose the decrees of the Council of
Trent in the Netherlands thus enticing the Revolt of the Netherlands.
Revolt of the Netherlands- started when Dutch Calvinists broke idols in RCC
churches in a fit of iconoclasm and turned them into Protestant meeting places; Philip II
wanted to punish the Protestants so he ordered the Duke of Alba to arrest and execute
Calvinists; Alba established the infamous Council of Blood; Protestants in Holland and
Zeeland under William of Orange revolted against the Duke of Alba and Philip II;
William was ruling in the north and the States-General was ruling in the south; Alba was
fired; “Spanish fury” against Antwerp occurred when the Spanish army had no leader –
ended Philip II’s Burgundian inheritance; Spanish policy now not in effect; Pacification
of Ghent ceded local autonomy in taxation, the central role of the States-General in
legislation, and the withdrawal of Spanish troops; had Twelve Years’ Truce with
Netherlands; Netherlands become powerful rivals against Spain and Portugal.
William of Orange- leading Dutch Protestant who urged Margaret of Parma to
adopt a policy of toleration along the lines of the Peace of Augsburg and made clear that
he would resign from office rather than support anything else; large landholder in
Netherlands; leader of Dutch Holland and Zeeland which united against Phillip II’s rule.
Gustav I Vasa- Swedish king who led the uprising of the Swedish nobility that
ended Danish domination; conquered poor towns/seaports.
Christian IV- Danish king who invaded Sweden and took control of its Arctic
trading route.
Thirty Years’ War- Ferdinand’s election as king of Bohemia provoked the
Defenestration of Prague which initiated a counteroffensive against the Habsburg lands;
when Emperor Mathias died, Ferdinand became Ferdinand II of HRE and Calvinist
Frederick V became king of Bohemia; Battle of White Mountain between Ferdinand II
and Frederick V; Frederick loses and goes into exile = turning point for Catholics;
Ferdinand II and Philip III of Spain begin fighting the Protestants; Philip III attacks the
Netherlands after the Twelve Years’ Truce; England, the Netherlands, Protestant
German states, and Denmark allied and were secretly supported by the French; Protestant
Christian IV of Denmark battled against Catholic Wallenstein and was defeated;
Ferdinand II’s new policies against all Protestants in his lands unified HRE Lutherans
and Calvinists against him; Spain then declares bankruptcy; Adolphus of Sweden enters
the war to protect his estates; when Magdeburg is sacked by the Catholics, the Protestants
across Europe unified under Adolphus; Brandenburg and Saxony join Adolphus;
Adolphus defeats Catholics at Breitenfeld = turning point for Protestants; Adolphus loots
Maximillian’s Bavaria; Protestants defeat Wallenstein at Lutzen, however, Adolphus
dies there; Richelieu and Louis XIII decide to openly enter the war against Spain;
Spain’s economy is destroyed; Portugal gains independence from Spain; Spain’s final
stand against France failed at the battle of Rocroi; by now many of the major combatants
had died and Europe decides to sign a series of agreements – Peace of Westphalia;
Europe goes back to time of Peace of Augsburg; Holy Roman Empire = none of the
above; Imperial Diet takes control in HRE.
Defenestration of Prague- incident in which a group of Protestant noblemen hurl
two Catholic advisors to the Bohemian king into a pile of manure, thus saving their lives;
initiated a Protestant counteroffensive throughout the Habsburg lands;
Wallenstein- count who commanded the Catholic forces against Christian IV’s
Danish army in the the Thirty Years’ War; lost to the Protestant Swedes at the battle of
Lutzen; murdered by Ferdinand II.
Lutzen- battle between Adolphus’ Swedish Protestant army and Wallenstein’s
German Catholic army; the Swedes won but their king died.
Valois- royal family in France during the French Wars of Religion; wanted
peace between the Guise and Bourbon factions and attempted to do this in a
Machiavellian fashion; order of succession after Henry II’s death: Francis II, Charles IX
(of France), and Henry III; after Henry III is assassinated, Henry Navarre of the
Bourbon family becomes king of France and ends the civil war.
Guises- Catholic faction in France who wanted to eradicate the Protestants; were
responsible for the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre; sentenced duc de Conde to death
but failed to kill him because the king died just five days before his death sentence.
Bourbons- Protestant faction in France who wanted to have a place in France and
live peacefully with the Catholics; however, when the Guises attempted to kill their
leader, duc de Conde, the Bourbons fought back and spurred the French wars of
religion.
Henry IV- aka Henry Navarre; Bourbon king of France during the Wars of
Religion; converted to Catholicism following the War of Three Henries to become king
of France; “Paris is worth a mass;” enacted the Edict of Nantes which tolerated Catholics
as well as Protestants in France.
War of Three Henries- last of a series of civil wars in France known as the
Huguenot Wars; Henry III invited Henry of Guise and Henry's of Guise's brother to his
palace where he executed them; Henry III blamed the politiques, but he was still forced
to flee Paris by Guise's supporters and was assassinated in 1589; Henry of Navarre
converted to Catholicism in hopes to keep peace amongst the people, and was crowned
Henry IV of France.
Duke of Alba- Spanish commander who led an army into the Netherlands under
the order of Philip II of Spain; punished Protestants; executed Egmont; established the
Council of Blood which persecuted rebels; massacred towns implicated with iconoclasm;
after Alba’s tactics failed against Protestant William of Orange, he was fired and
Margaret of Parma quit her job in disgust of what was happening in the Netherlands;
the Spanish army now had no leader in the Netherlands which led to the pillaging of
Dutch cities such as Antwerp (known as the “Spanish fury”).
Richelieu- French cardinal who was convinced that it was time to take an active
stance in the Thirty Years’ War and declared war on Spain in 1635.
“Spanish Fury”- the pillaging of Dutch Protestant Antwerp due to the lack of
leadership in the Spanish army; ended Philip II’s Burgundian inheritance in the
Netherlands.
Time of Troubles- Muscovy crown legitimacy crisis; Ivan IV murdered his heir
in a fit of anger and left his retarded son for the throne; power vacuum followed;
numerous boyars claimed to be the lost brother of the last legitimate tsar, Dimitri.
Adolphus- king of Sweden during the war against Christian IV’s Denmark;
captured Riga allowing Sweden to be an equal Baltic power; ended Polish pretensions to
the Swedish throne; entered the Thirty Years’ War on the side of the northern Germanic
states against Ferdinand II of HRE; motive = protect Sweden; after the siege of
Magdeburg, the Protestants united under Adophus against Catholic Spain and HRE;
invaded Maximilian’s Bavaria; defeated Catholic Wallenstein at Lutzen but died.
Philip III- king of Spain; son of Philip II; did not give up Burgundian
inheritance; prepared for what was to be the Thirty Years’ War during the Twelve
Years’ Truce.
Louis XIII- French king who was convinced that it was time to take an active
stance in the Thirty Years’ War and declared war on Spain in 1635; came to power at
age 8.
Ferdinand II- originally the king of Bohemia; however, after he was deposed and
HRE emperor Mathias died, Ferdinand II became the HRE emperor; recovered Bohemia
at the Battle of White Mountain against Frederick V; fought with Philip III of Spain
against the Protestants; wanted Europe to return to the state of 1555 – Peace of Augsburg.
White Mountain- 1620 battle where Ferdinand II’s Catholic army annihilated
Frederick V’s Calvinist army; a Catholic duke became king of Bohemia and the state
remained Catholic; turning point in central European history.
Peace of Westphalia- series of treaties which established the outlines of the
political geography of Europe; ended Thirty Years’ War; reflected Protestant success:
Sweden gained Baltic territories, France kept Lower Palatinate, Netherlands gained
statehood, Swiss cantons recognized, Calvinists received protection under Peace of
Augsburg; HRE emperor became a blank title; German rulers given independent rule;
imperial Diet instead of emperor made decisions; Holy Roman Empire = none of the
above.
Catherine de’ Medici- regent during the reigns of her sons, Charles IX and
Henry III; wife of Henry II who died in a jousting match; ruled during France’s religious
civil wars; backed the Catholic Guises and announced plans for the marriage of her
daughter Margaret and Henry Navarre; the marriage was a plot to lead the Protestant
leaders together and led to the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre where many
Protestants were killed in Paris; no Protestant Huguenot leaders were killed there.
Huguenot- French Calvinists who controlled a sizable amount of French land;
constantly at war with Catholic Guises; imported Swiss and German mercenaries to fight
in France; massacred in the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre; after the massacre,
Huguenots had justification to go against French monarch because they violated divine
commandments and civil rights; duc d’Anjou joined Huguenot cause and led the
Catholic politiques; tolerated by Henry IV Navarre who when he became king,
converted to Catholicism – “Paris is worth a mass.”
politiques- moderate Catholics who joined forces with the Protestant Huguenots
to protest against the French king Henry III and Catholic Guises; wanted a practical
settlement of the French civil war; led by duc d’Anjou, the next in line for the throne.
Edict of Nantes- granted limited toleration to the Huguenots under Henry IV;
one king, two faiths; Catholic-Protestant fighting continued in France.
Council of Blood- military court established by the Duke of Alba which
convicted 9000 Protestants and sentenced 1000 to death in the Netherlands.
Sigismund- ruler of Poland and heir to the throne of Sweden; established Jesuit
schools and strengthened RCC in Poland; Polish Diet did not support Sigismund invasion
of Sweden because they did not want a part time ruler in Poland; his unsuccessful
campaigns in Sweden weakened Poland; he invaded Muscovy unsuccessfully because
Muscovy received aid from Sweden.
Romanov- Muscovite tsar after the Time of Troubles; elected by the Zemsky
Sobor.
Charles IX of Sweden- elected ruler of Sweden because the Swedes feared that
the legitimate heir, Sigismund, would attempt to return Lutheran Sweden to Catholicism;
suffered a humiliating defeat under Denmark and died; succeeded by Adolphus.
Twelve Years’ Truce- Spain quietly recognizes Holland as its own state in the
Netherlands; during this time Philip III readies Spain for war.
Mathias- when this HRE Habsburg emperor died, Ferdinand II succeeded as the
new emperor and Frederick V succeeded as the Bohemian king.
Frederick V- Bohemian Calvinist “Winter King;” ruled the Palatinate;
surrounded by Catholic states; lost miserably at White Mountain; all his estates were
seized from him and turned over to the Catholic duke of Bavaria.
Magdeburg- the horrific sack of this Protestant city gave the international
Protestant community a unifying symbol that enhanced Adolphus’ military efforts
against the imperial Catholic forces; Brandenburg and Saxony joined Adolphus; he wins
at Breitenfeld.
Additional Terms
Rad- Swedish nobility who exerted a strong check on monarchs, such as
Gustav I Vasa.
Ivan IV- Muscovite tsar who had conflicts with the boyars; killed his only rightminded son and heir; his action ultimately led to the Time of Troubles in Muscovy.
Dimitri-“lost” brother of the last legitimate tsar in Muscovy; several boyars
claimed to be this brother during the Time of Troubles when there was a power vacuum
in Muscovy.
Zemsky Sobor- Muscovite governmental council which elected Romanov to be
the tsar after the Time of Troubles.
Margaret of Parma- half-sister of Philip II and left as regent in the Netherlands;
resigned her post after the Duke of Alba started killing the Calvinists in her country.
Egmont- leading Protestant military leader in the Netherlands who urged
Margaret of Parma to adopt a policy of Protestant toleration; killed by Duke of Alba in
Brussels.
Pacification of Ghent- settlement between Spain and the Netherlands after the
“Spanish Fury;” the Spanish allow the Dutch to tax their people and withdraw their
troops from their lands; five southern provinces remained Catholic and remained loyal to
Philip II’s regent; however, it was followed by a split between the provinces – one side
remained loyal, one side wanted to dispose Phillip II.
Maximilian- Catholic ruler of Bavaria; played a “double game” when he
negotiated neutrality with the French and spoils from the Thirty Years’ War with the
HRE emperor, Ferdinand II; Bavaria looted by Adolphus.
States-General- Dutch parliamentary body composed of representatives from the
separate provinces which ruled in the south part of the Netherlands.
New Geographical Locations
Netherlands- The compilation of 19 provinces near what is now Holland.
Crimea- The peninsula that sticks out into the Black Sea, ruled by the Khanate of
Crimea.
Riga- important commercial center in Livonia, was eventually taken over by
Sweden.
Prague- capital of Bohemia.
Antwerp- capital of one of the provinces in Holland, Antwerp is now the capital
of Belgium.
Muscovy- Russia.
Archangel- important commercial center in Muscovy that was a part on the
White Sea.
Paris- location of the disastrous wedding of the St. Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre.
Gulf of Finland- area that was Muscovy’s only passage into the Baltic, this area
was taken by Sweden.
Holy Roman Empire- none of the above.