Download WORD

Applied Biology
Chapter 2.3/2.4 Note sheet: Carbon Compounds/Enzymes
Objectives:
•
Identify what makes an organic molecule “organic”
•
Identify/Recognize carbon skeletons & functional groups in organic molecules
•
Relate monomers to polymers
•
Describe the processes of building and breaking polymers (2 reactions involved)
•
Describe the basic structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
ORGANIC MOLECULES
– _____________________-based molecules
•
Hydrocarbons
– Organic molecules made of only ____________________ & ______________________
(example CH4)
•
Inorganic Molecules
– Non-carbon based molecules
– Examples:
THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBON
Carbon forms ___________________________________ with up to _______ other atoms, including other
carbons as it tries to fill its outermost energy level.
Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures/ carbon skeletons:
1.
2.
3.
CARBON SKELETONS: Label straight, branched or ring
__________________
_______________
__________________
MACROMOLECULES – “Giant Molecules”
Polymers vs Monomers
•
Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits/pieces bonded together.
_________________ – Small chemical unit that makes up a
polymer - “one unit”
________________ – Molecules made up of many
monomers “many units” – Process is known as
___________________________.
Making and Breaking Polymers

To Build a polymer a __________________________________ reaction is used . Each time a
monomer is added to a chain a water molecule is released (Lose _______________)

To Break apart a polymer, a _______________________________ reaction is used. Each time a
monomer is broken from a chain a water molecule is added (Add _______________)
There are four major macromolecules found in living things:
1.
2,
3,
4.
1. CARBOHYDRATES
•
•
Carbohydrates are made of __________________________________________________________
(Ratio= 1Carbon: 2 Hydrogen: 1 Oxygen)
•
Are made up of monomers of simple __________________________ molecules.
•
The building blocks (simple sugar monomers) of carbohydrates are _____________________________.
Monosaccharide –
Disaccharide –
Polysaccharides –
Functions of Carbohydrates:
1. Provides ___________________ when they are broken down. (Hydrolysis Reaction)
2. Provides ______________ ________________ for living things. (Part of the cell structure)
Types of Carbohydrates:
Type of Carbohydrate
Starch
Cellulose
Simple or Complex
________________
Complex
Glycogen
________________
Glucose
________________
Function
Stores extra energy
_________________________________
Stores extra energy
Supplies energy for cell activities
2. LIPIDS
Lipids are _________________ molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol.
Lipids are __________________________________________ molecules - “water fearing”
Made up of many carbon chains called __________________
________________.
Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.:
Functions of Lipids:
1. Store ______________ when broken down
2. Waterproof coverings on cells
3.
Make up cell membranes (_______________________________)
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
3. PROTEINS
Proteins are polymers of _____________
___________ monomers (20 different ones exist)
Parts of an Amino Acid :
1.
2.
3.
Amino acids differ in side groups, or __________groups.
Amino acids are linked by ________________________ bonds.
Proteins and Levels of Organization
1. Primary Structure – is the ______________ of its amino acid.
2. Secondary Structure – is the ___________________ of the ____________________ chain.
3. Third Level Structure – is the _______________ - ___________________ arrangement of a chain.
4. Fourth Level Structure - is how the different chains are ______________ _____________ to each other.
Functions of Proteins:
1. Control cell ____________________
2. Control ______________ of reactions
3. Form important parts in ________________
4. Move substances _____ and _______ of cells
5. Help to ______________ disease
4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Made up of monomers called ________________________.
Nucleotides are made up of three parts:
1.
2.
3.
Functions of Nucleic Acids:
______________ and ________________________ genetic information.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Chemical Reaction – A process that ___________________ one set of chemicals into another.
Changes in _________________ occur in chemical reactions (Release or use energy)
Chemical bonds are ___________________ and other bonds are __________________ during a chemical
reaction
ENZYMES
• Many chemical reactions occur inside cells (Reactants  products)
• Enzymes
are
protein
catalysts
________________________
the
_____________________ a reaction.
that
____________________________
reactions
_____________________________________
needed
by
to
• Activation Energy - The energy needed to ______________ __________ a reaction.
• Catalyst – any compound that speeds up a reaction by _____________ the __________________
energy.
• Enzymes are reaction specific!
• Substrate –
• Active site –
• Enzymes always pick up another substrate when the active site is unoccupied!! They are never used up.