Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Fact Sheet on Narcotic Analgesics Online Physiology Shanna Lehman What are Opiates? Opiates are central nervous system depressants used medically to relieve pain. Opiates are derived from resin of the poppy plant, which grows in countries throughout the world. The resin can be converted into opium, heroin, codeine and morphine. Other opiates such as meperidine (Demerol), and Methadone are synthesized or manufactured by modifying the chemicals found in opium. Opiates have a high potential for abuse and are found in a variety of forms including powders, liquids, tablets, syrups, and capsules. Some opiates, such as codeine, meperidine, and morphine are prescribed by a physician. These drugs are used to relieve pain, cough and diarrhea. Types of Opiates: Heroin: white or brownish powder. It may be injected, sniffed/snorted, or smoked. Injection is the most common method of heroin use among addicted users. When injected, the powder is dissolved in water and heated to produce a liquid. The user then injects the substance either subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously. Morphine: provides relief of pain without the loss of consciousness and a powerful sense of well-being. It produces drowsiness, changes in mood, and mental clouding. Meperidine: a short-acting synthetic opioid; is less potent than morphine and a widely used prescription pain reliever for moderate to severe pain. Oxycodone: is a semisynthetic opioid analgesic prescribed for chronic or long lasting pain. The medication's active ingredient is oxycodone, which is also found in drugs like Percodan and Tylox. Codeine: a naturally occurring narcotic relieves moderate pain and is the most widely abused prescription drug. Methadone: often substituted for heroin in the treatment of narcotic-dependent people. Equal to morphine if injected; more potent if taken orally. Propoxyphene: related to methadone, but much weaker; about half as potent as codeine. Given in combination with aspirin. Fentanyls: very potent narcotic analgesics; often administered by IV for general anesthesia. Hydromorphone: prepared with morphine and used as cough suppressant. Buprenorphine: effective in relieving cravings for narcotic pain relievers with little tendency for addiction. Pentazocine: precipitates withdrawal symptoms; when taken as analgesic, effects are slightly greater than codeine. Tramadol: used as a substitute for opioid painkillers. Narcotic Related drugs: structurally similar to narcotics or used to treat withdrawals/overdose. Dextromethorphan, Clonidine, and Naloxone/Naltrexone. Fact Sheet on Narcotic Analgesics Online Physiology Shanna Lehman Names of Prescription/Illicit Opiates: Prescription Methadone Morphine Dilaudid OxyContin Darvon Ultram Prescription (Cont) Talwin Suboxone Subutex Demerol Dolene Catapres Illegal Heroin “Black Tar” Heroin Meperidine-like designer drug Street Names for Opiates: Schoolboy Viko Oxycet White Stuff Murder 8 Smach Brown Sugar Cough Syrup Norco M Dreamer TNT H Henry T-three’s Hydro Miss Emma Apache Tango Train Horse Vikes Ox Monkey China Girl Cash Thunder Skag Therapeutic Uses of Prescription Opiates: Single drugs used for control of moderate to severe pain: Morphine ( Roxanol, MS Contin, Kadian) Oxycodone ( Oxycontin) Fentanyl ( Duragesic patches, Actiq) Hydromorphone ( Dilaudid) Meperidine (Demerol) Propoxyphene (Darvon, Dolene) Combination drugs used for control of moderate pain: Codeine/Acetaminophen combinations ( Tylenol #2, 3, or 4) Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen combinations ( Vicodin) Hydrocodone/Ibuprofen combinations (Vicoprofen) Oxycodone/Acetaminophen combinations ( Percocet) Oxycodone/Aspirin combinations ( Percodan) Dance Fever Friend Goodfella King Ivory Dope Junk Hero Fact Sheet on Narcotic Analgesics Online Physiology Shanna Lehman Used in Opiate Maintenance Therapy: Methadone ( Dolophine) Buprenorphine and Naloxone/Naltrexone (Suboxone) Used as a cough suppressant: Codeine Used as an antidiarrheal: Loperamide (Imodium AD) Diphenoxylate (Lomotil) Opium Tincture (Paregoric) Used for abuse: Heroin Withdrawal Effects from Opiates: Cold Sweats Aching Limbs Cramps Irritation Runny Nose Uncontrollable Diarrhea Severe Depression Chills Agitation Yawning Nausea Mounting Panic Goose Bumps Anxiety Insomnia Vomiting Strong Cravings Shakes Muscle Aches Dilated Pupils Health Risks of Abusing Opiates: Tolerance: When the body adjusts to having a certain drug in its system over a period of time. More of the drug is needed to cause desired effect. It is a sign the person is using too much, and may develop a dependency on the drug. Physical dependence: the body adjusts to having the opiate drug in the system. Any reduction in the levels of the opiate drug forces the body to re-adjust. This is what we refer to as withdrawal phase. Addiction: developing an addiction to the drug. Opiate addiction is an uncontrollable situation that affects the individual in a biochemical, physical and psychological way. Addiction is a complex phenomenon characterized by substance abuse, relapse and eventually death. Physical symptoms include: Needle tracks Collapsed veins Frequent infections Acne Other skins problems due to poor hygiene Heart and valve infections Liver problems Fact Sheet on Narcotic Analgesics Online Physiology Shanna Lehman Weakened immune system Respiratory depression Pulmonary/respiratory problems (bronchitis and pneumonia) Different Treatment Approaches to Opiate Abuse and Dependence: Rapid detox (The Waismann Method) Accelerated Opiate Neuro-Regulation (AONR) Treatment is conducted while the patient sleeps comfortably under anesthesia An accelerated opiate withdrawal is precipitated with medications Patients are transitioned to a complete state of opiate receptor blockade When they awake they are free of opiate dependency and have no memory of the withdrawal process (withdrawal process occurs during a period of hours, rather than days/weeks) Patients typically stay in the hospital for three to four days Therapists given time to aid patients through psychological and physical issues Taking narcotic analgesics Methadone: often substituted for heroin in the treatment of narcotic-dependent people Buprenorphine: effective medication for the treatment of narcotic abuse and treatment Naloxone/Naltrexone: attach to opiate receptors and prevent narcotics from having an effect Subutex and Suboxone: combination of Buprenorphine and Naloxone/Naltrexone and used to treat opiate dependency LAAM (levo-alpha-acetyl-methadol): alternative to methadone that blocks the effects of opioids for up to 72 hours Maintenance programs Given a narcotic analgesic (usually methadone or Suboxone) Counseling Therapy Medical care Fact Sheet on Narcotic Analgesics Online Physiology Shanna Lehman References Communities, G. D. (1994). Opiates. Retrieved October 29, 2011, from FADAA: www.fadaa.org/services/resource center/resources/JTF/opiates.pdf Detoxification, A. A. (2011). Rapid Detox Treatment. Retrieved October 29, 2011, from The Waismann Method: www.opiates.com/rapid-detox/ Foundation, A. H. (2010). Use of Opiates to Manage Pain in Seriously and Terminally Ill Patients. Retrieved October 29, 2011, from American Hospice Foundation: www.americanhospice.org/articles-maintenence-8/ Hanson, G., Venturelli, P., & Fleckenstein, A. (2012). Drugs and Society. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Media, D. (2011). Long Term Effects of Opiate Use. Retrieved October 29, 2011, from Live Strong: www.livestrong.com/article/72769/long-term-effects-opiate-use/#ixzz1cEellako Treatment, O. R. (2011). Street Names-opiates. Retrieved October 29, 2011, from Opiate Rehab Treatment: www.opiaterehabtreatment.com/streetkk-names-opiates