Download Fish and Salamander Population Studies in the

Dr. Greg Lewis
Major research interest: Retention of nitrogen and other nutrients by forested watersheds
Background
Currently, a major environmental concern in industrialized parts of the world is the addition of
large amounts of nitrogen (N) to ecosystems by what is commonly referred to as "acid rain" – a mixture
of dilute sulfuric and nitric acids resulting from industrial and automotive emissions of sulfur dioxide and
nitrous oxides. The addition of N from polluted rain and snow to forests may increase the leaching of
nitrate (NO3-) into streams and rivers. Nitrate transported downstream to estuaries and coastal oceans
may then promote excessive growths of noxious algae (eutrophication) which in turn threaten
commercially important fisheries and shellfisheries.
Although the plants and microbes in forests take up some of the N from rain, forests vary greatly
in their capacity to retain N (and therefore to prevent the loss of NO3- to streams and rivers). For
example, young, rapidly-growing forests have much greater demand for N than do old, slowly-growing
forests. In addition, some tree species take up more N than others. Also, the leaves from different tree
species release N at different rates as soil microbes break them down. Other factors may also be
important, including soil type and land use history (e.g., past agricultural land use or a history of frequent
burning). Thus, even in regions with high rates of N input from acid rain, the amount of NO3- released
from forests to streams can vary by ten times or more.
Recent research by faculty and students in the Biology, Earth and Environmental Science, and
Chemistry departments at Furman has shown that NO3- concentrations in forest streams in Greenville
County are similar to concentrations in many forest streams of the northeastern United States, where acid
rain delivers excess N to watersheds. Are the high NO3- concentrations in South Carolina streams due to a
growing acid rain problem (i.e, from increasing industrial and automotive emissions)? Or, are the streams
studied so far unusually rich in NO3- compared to other streams in the region? Are NO3- concentrations in
streams in the upstate correlated with factors such as forest age or species composition, soil type, or land
use history? If different forest types in the southeastern U.S. have different NO3- losses associated with
them, this would have important implications both for forestry and water management.
Currently, students and I are monitoring the chemistry of stream water in four forested
watersheds near Furman: (1) Buckhorn Creek watershed at Paris Mountain State Park, (2) Carrick Creek
watershed at Table Rock State Park, (3) the Oil Camp Creek watershed in Jones Gap State Park, and (4)
the upper Middle Saluda River watershed, which includes a large portion of Jones Gap State Park. In the
future, we will examine the forests and soils in these watersheds to see if there are relationships between
those variables and stream chemistry. In addition, in the Middle Saluda River watershed, there is a U. S.
Geological Survey gaging station which records river flow continuously. By determining concentrations
of nutrients in river water at the gaging station, we are able to estimate the losses of nutrients from the
watershed. We use data from regional rain monitoring stations to estimate the atmospheric inputs of
nutrients to this watershed. By comparing the inputs and losses of nutrients at this watershed, we are able
to estimate the degree to which the watershed can retain incoming nutrients.
Additional recent research projects involving Furman students:
 determining the capacity for artificial ponds and lakes (including Furman Lake and the Furman
Golf Course pond) and wetlands to remove nutrients flowing into them from streams
 examining the influence of waste water treatment plants on nutrients and algae in local streams
 testing for relationships between land use and river water quality
 examining the role of plants (especially trees) in the silicon (Si) cycle