* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Ch 23 PowerPoint 3/5
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chichewa tenses wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Comparison (grammar) wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Germanic strong verb wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sanskrit grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
English passive voice wikipedia , lookup
Udmurt grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Italian grammar wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish verbs wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek verbs wikipedia , lookup
Latin conjugation wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Finnish verb conjugation wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Danish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 23: Participles What are participles? •Verbal adjectives (adjectives formed from a verb stem) •As an adjective, it must agree with what it’s modifying in gender, number, case •It will also have verb characteristics: tense and voice •In English, a participle is a verbal ending in -ing (present) or -ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n (past) that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun. What are participles? • • • • • • The crying baby was hungry. Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car. The burning log fell off the fire. Smiling, she hugged the panting dog. Removing his coat, Jack rushed to the river. Dolores noticed her cousin walking along the shoreline. • Children introduced to music early develop strong intellectual skills. What are participles? There are four participles in Latin: Future Active Future Passive Present Active Perfect Passive As an adjective they can act as substantives. As verbs, they can take direct objects and other constructions used with the particular verb. They can also be modified by adverbs or adverbial phrases. Future Active Participle Formed by adding –ur- and the adjective endings –us, -a, -um to the stem of the 4th principal part. Translate as ‘about to [verb]’ or ‘going to [verb]’ 1st amatum - um + ur +us,a,um amaturus,a, um 2nd monitum - um + ur +us,a,um moniturus, a, um 3rd lectum - um + ur +us,a,um lecturus, a, um 3rd -io factum - um + ur +us,a,um facturus, a, um 4th auditum - um + ur +us,a,um auditurus, a, um Future Passive Participle Formed by adding –nd- and the adjective endings –us, -a, -um to the lengthened stem of the first principal part Translate as ‘about to be [verb]ed’ or ‘going to be [verb]ed’ 1st ama 2nd mone + nd +us, a, um monendus,a,um 3rd lege + nd +us, a, um legendus,a,um 3rd -io facie + nd +us, a, um faciendus,a,um 4th + nd audie + nd +us, a, um amandus,a,um +us, a, um audiendus,a,um Present Active Participle Formed by adding the 3rd declension adjectival ending –ns, (gen) -ntis to the lengthened stem of the first principal part Translate as ‘[verb]ing’ 1st ama 2nd mone + ns, ntis monens, monentis 3rd lege 3rd -io facie 4th + ns, ntis amans,amantis + ns, ntis legens,legentis + ns, ntis faciens, facientis audie + ns, ntis audiens, audientis Perfect Passive Participle We’ve already encountered the perfect passive participle, when we dropped the –um from the 4th principal part and added the adjective endings – us,a,um to form the perfect passive system. Translate as ‘having been [verb]ed, unless it is used with a form of sum, and is therefore being used as a verb of the perfect passive system. Summary of Forms Active Passive Fut 4th p.p. + ur + us, a, um 1st p.p. + nd + us, a, um Pres Perf 1st p.p. + ns, ntis 4th p.p. + us, a, um Declension of Participles 3 of the 4 participles are declined like 1st/2nd declension adjectives The present participle, however, is declined like 3rd declension adjectives. BUT! Sometimes the ablative singular ends in –i, but sometimes it ends in –e. The –i is used when it is used simply as an attributive adjective (eg a matre amanti – by a loving mother) The –e is used when the participle is functioning verbally (eg with an object, like patre filium amante, with the father loving his son) or as a substantive (ab amante, by a lover) Tense Just like in English, the tense of the participle is not absolute, but rather it is relative to the tense of the main verb. Pres. Ppl. = action contemporaneous Pf. Ppl. = action prior Fut Ppl. = Action subsequent Identify the Tense • • • • • • The crying baby was hungry. Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car. The burning log fell off the fire. Smiling, she hugged the panting dog. Jack saw the students about to study. Dolores noticed her cousin walking along the shoreline. • Children introduced to music early develop strong intellectual skills.