Download consonants,only in perfect forms, get augment instead of reduplication

consonants,only in perfect forms, get augment instead of reduplication: stem ἁμαρτη-, pf
A pr-ind 1st sg ἡμάρτηκα, stem γνω-, pf A pr-ind 1st sg ἔγνωκα, stem στρατοπεδευ-, pf
MP pa-ind 3rd pl ἐστρατοπέδευντο (pa-ind gets no further augmentation!).
The letters ζ, ξ, ψ and ρ count for two consonants and verbs beginning with these are
never reduplicated, always augmented. ρ is redoubled after augm: ἐρρ-.
The only reduplication/augment-instead-of-reduplication that is compulsory in all forms
is that in perfect forms.
[There is a lot of quirkiness in this sector of the Greek grammar: some stems show more than one kind of
reduplication (γιγνώσκω, reduplicated in du, but not in pf, ᾕρηκα and ἀραίρηκα, both of αἱρέω,
πέπτυγμαι and ἔπτυγμαι, both of πτύσσω), but one should realise that Greek was used for millennia over a
great tract of territory and by a great variety of speakers, amongst whom many that used Greek as a foreign
tongue, which causes a tendency to create analogical forms, e.g. ἦλθαν instead of ἦλθoν, because most A
ao pa-ind 3rd pl and in -αν]
Greek has many compound verbs, which may be divided into two groups:
1) Those compounded with words otherwise in use as prepositions, comparable to
English “forgive”, e.g. ἀποβάλλω,
2) those compounded with other elements, chiefly ἀ-, εὐ- & δυσ-.
For purposes of reduplication the second kind is treated as any other verb, but in the first
kind the reduplication (or augment-instead-of—) is applied as follows (cf. AUGMENT, p
29): first the compounding particle is separated from the verb, then the uncompounded
verb is reduplicated or augmented and the particle re-attached to the form. This is only the
principle of the thing; for further detail one is referred to the page on COMPOUND
VERBS, p 28.
[N.B. These pages are designed to get you through your first readings; it may be years
before you encounter anything that does not conform, but do not be surprised at
deviations, especially in the augmentation of perfect past indicatives.]
*) One does however encounter initial and intervocalic σ quite often. There is always a
special explanation for this, mostly that the σ evolved from other consonants after the
linguistic law of reducing σ had been discontinued: σακος from τϜακος, λύουσι from
λύοντι>λύοντσι> λύονσι>λύουσι.
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