Download 18 May Early Exploration and Imperialism.doc

Name: ________________________
Holden – Global I (9th Grade)
Date:
Period:
Eve of Exploration
Introduction
In the 1400s, Europeans began taking a greater interest in the Asian spice trade. European countries
invested in explorers to make oceanic voyages of exploration. Benefitting from new technology, the Portuguese
and the Spanish were the first to establish global trade empires in the 1500s. The Dutch, English, and French
soon joined them, establishing colonies in Asia, the Americas, and Africa during the 1600s and 1700s. These
interactions had a great global impact as food, people, plants, animals, technology, and diseases passed from
continent to continent.
1. Which countries began to explore the world initially?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why would European countries want to explore and set up colonies in distant lands?
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3. What items were transported around the world?
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The Dawning of a Global Age
I. Background
 The resurgence of trade following the Middle Ages in Europe resulted in a ______________
________________________________
 ___________________ were established _________________________________________
_______________________________ to handle this need
 But, when the expansion of the _____________________________ caused disruption along
these routes, Europeans were forced to seek _____________________________ these goods
 This led to the exploration of ________________________, and eventually the discovery of
the Americas by the Europeans
 _______________________ take the lead – 1400s  WHY THESE TWO COUNTRIES?
 Both countries had the _______________________________________ to support sea travel
II.
Portugal
Prince ____________ the _____________
 Gathered experts in science, cartography (mapmaking), & shipbuilding
 RESULTED IN  _____________________________________
 Technologies  maps, magnetic compass, ______________, and ______________ on ships
__________________________
 1448 – rounded the _____________________ – the southernmost tip of Africa
__________________________
 1498 – followed __________________ around Africa
 Traveled across ___________________ to an Indian port
 Lost half of his ships on the journey but ____________________ by selling the goods he
brought back to Europe
 ___________________________________________________
III.
Spain
_______________ & __________________
 United Spain under __________________________ by expelling (kicking out) the Moors
 1492 – Last Moorish stronghold at ___________ is defeated  _______________ complete
– the campaign to take Spain away from Muslim control and back into Christian hands
 ________________________ – Spain’s goals included converting heathens (non-Christians)
to Christianity and getting rich
Christopher Columbus
 Success of Portuguese inspired _________________________ of Spain to join in the quest
for new trade routes
 Isabella also wants to __________________________
 1492 – Columbus convinces Isabella to finance his plan of ___________________________
___________________________
 Columbus sailed west for _____________ – hit land after _____________ and thought the
land was India but it was actually ___________________________
Whose Land is it Anyway?
 Spain & Portugal both claim the lands explored by Columbus on his voyages
 ___________________________ steps up to settle the dispute  RESULTS 
 1493 – __________________________ – divided the non-European world into 2 zones 
Spain gets all land _________ of the line & Portugal gets all land __________ of the line
 1494 – ____________________ – Spain and Portugal agree to move the line of demarcation
Name: ________________________
Holden – Global I (9th Grade)
Date:
Period:
Imperialism in the Americas
I. Europe Invades the “New World”
Spain, France and England established territories in the Americas. France settled in Canada and established
trading posts from Quebec to Louisiana. England settles the Jamestown colony in 1607 and the thirteen colonies later.
France and England battled each other in French and Indian War for control over territories. Spain established colonies in
Florida, southwest Mexico, and in South America.
Spanish conquistadors, or conquerors, arrived after Columbus. They settled on the islands of Hispaniola (present
day Dominican Republic and Haiti), Cuba, and Puerto Rico. Conquistadors seized all gold ornaments worn by the Native
Americans and forced them to dig for more gold.
Meanwhile, a deadly but invisible invader was at work – disease. Europeans unknowingly carried diseases such
as smallpox, measles, and influenza to which Native Americans had no immunity, or resistance. As a result, the Native
American population of the Caribbean islands declined by as much as 90 percent in the 1500s.
1. What parts of the “New World” did France, England, and Spain colonize?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. How did the conquistadors impact the Americas?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. The
What
items were transported around the world?
II.
Conquistadors:
Hernan Cortés vs. the Aztecs
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Among the earliest conquistadors was Hernan Cortés. Cortés landed on the coast of
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Mexico in 1519 with about 600 men, 16 horses, and a few canons. He headed inland towards
Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital. With the help of Native Americans who were upset with Aztec
rule, he began his conquest of the Aztec empire. Using additional reinforcements from Spain,
superior weapons, and a smallpox epidemic in Tenochtitlan, Cortés soon conquered the Aztecs.
Francisco Pizarro vs. the Incas
Ten years after Cortés had conquered the Aztecs, Francisco Pizarro, another
Conquistador, followed in Cortés’ footsteps in South America. Pizarro landed in present day
Peru with 180 men in 1531. The small group of Spaniards boldly marched into the capital of the
Incan Empire and used ruthless and brutal violence and other tactics to conquer the Incas without
losing a single Spaniard.
Other Conquistadors followed Pizarro and Cortes including Juan Ponce de Leon,
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, and Hernando de Soto. Although no other Conquistador
found a civilization as large as the Aztec or Incan Empires, they helped to establish a Spanish
Empire in the Americas that would have far reaching effects in their time and throughout history.
3. What reasons explain the rapid success of the Spanish conquistadors over Native Americans?
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Think of a creative method to remember Cortés conquered the Aztecs and Pizarro conquered the Incas?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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III. 3.
Spain
Builds
anwere
Empire
What
items
transported around the world?
In the 1500s, Spain conquered a large amount of territories and built a vast empire from California to South
_____________________________________________________________________________________
America.
Spain was determined to maintain strict control of its empire. To achieve this goal, the king of Spain appointed
_____________________________________________________________________________________
viceroys, or representatives who governed an area in their “New World” empire.
The Economy
To make the empire profitable, Spain controlled trade in the Americas. Colonists exported raw materials to Spain
and could only buy Spanish manufactured goods. Spanish laws did not allow colonists to trade with other European
nations. The most valuable resources shipped from Spanish American to Spain were silver and gold.
Spanish monarchs set up the encomienda system. In the encomienda system, a colonist was given a certain
amount of land known as plantations and a number of Native Americans to work the land for him. In exchange, the
colonist was required to teach native workers about Christianity. The conquistadors used this system to force Native
Americans to work in brutal conditions. Those who resisted were hunted down and killed. Disease, starvation, and cruel
treatment caused catastrophic declines in the population.
5. Explain two methods Spain used to control its American empire?
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Colonial Society and Culture
Complete the social structure and briefly
Spanish
America,
the mix
of diverse
peoples
3. WhatInitems
were
transported
around
the world?
describe each class.
gave rise to new a new social structure. The blending of
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Native American, African, and European peoples and
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traditions
resulted in a new American culture.
At the top of the colonial society were
peninsulares, people born in Spain. The term peninsular
refers to the Iberian Peninsula, on which Spain in located.
Peninsulares filled the highest positions in both colonial
governments and the Catholic Church.
Next within the social hierarchy were the creoles,
American-born descendants of two Spanish settlers or
peninsulares. Creoles owned most of the plantations,
ranches, and mines.
Other social groups reflected the mixing of
populations. They included mestizos, people of Native
American and European descent, and mulattoes, people
of African and European descent. Slaves, including
Native Americans and people of African descent formed
the lowest social classes.
Primary Sources: Treatment of Native America