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Medieval Church Bellwork
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True or false: The Catholic Church was the
largest landowner in Western Europe
True
What important parts of life were made official
through the Church?
Birth, Marriage, and Death
What is it called when one pays a tax to the
church called?
Tithe
Objective
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WWBAT: Introduce the origins of the
Christian Crusades and those people
involved in the Crusades
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WWBAT: Read and compare Muslin and
Christian justifications for war
Interactive Notebook Setup
12/1/2016
 Crusades Causes and Effects
 This will be one page
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Lead up to Crusades
The Crusades
Effects of Crusades
Lead Up to the Crusades
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Why are we going to the Holy Land?
– To take back the Holy Land from the non Christians
– To convert the non believers (Muslims)
– To crush heretics
 Not all Crusades were fought in the Holy Land. Southern
France was the site of a Crusade
 In Frankfurt Germany Crusaders on the way to the Holy
Land killed 10,000 Jews just because they were not
Christians
Lead Up to the Crusades
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Heresies
– At about the same time the Crusades were starting
people began to question the role and doctrine of
the Catholic Church
– Many heretics wanted to return to a simpler way of
practicing Christianity
– They rejected the wealth of the church
Lead Up to the Crusades
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Scholasticism
– With the opening of universities in Europe people
began to think more freely
– People began to study law, philosophy, medicine,
science
– This new thought or scholasticism came into direct
conflict with the church
Lead Up to the Crusades
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The Church response
– To keep control of the masses the church set out
strict guidelines or doctrines of practice
– If these doctrines were not followed then
punishment ranged from excommunication to
torture and execution
– At this time the church is often referred to as the
Church Militant
– The 4th Crusade was directed at those deemed
heretics by the church, Jews, Muslims, and heretics
– Crusades might unify Christians
Lead Up to the Crusades
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As the years passed, reports spread that
some Muslims had killed Christian pilgrims
and destroyed churches
– Though this likely was exaggerations of very
infrequent events
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European Christians were also increasingly
intolerant of Muslims controlling the Holy
Land
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As tensions increased, war seemed
inevitable.
Lead Up to the Crusades
The Great Schism of 1064, divided Christianity
into Eastern Orthodox(Byzantine) and Roman
Catholic (Europe)
The primary cause was
a dispute over papal authority
Caused the first major division in Christianity
in its history
The Crusades
• In 1095, Byzantine Emperor
Alexios I contacted Pope Urban
II about the threat of Turkish
armies against Constantinople
and the Fatamid Muslim’s
control of Jerusalem
• In November 1096, Pope Urban
II considered Alexios’ plea, and
called for a crusade against the
Muslim Turks at the Council of
Claremont
Pope Urban II at
Claremont
Background
“Enter
upon the
road to the Holy
Sepulcher; the
wicked race,
and subject it to
yourselves…”
Pope Urban II
12
The Crusades
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The term Crusade best
fits the wars fought
between the Muslims
and the Christians
between 1095 and 1291
The Crusaders
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Pope Urban offered indulgence removing all
punishments due to sin for those who died on the
Crusade
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Serfs were allowed to leave the land they were bound to
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Crusaders were exempted from taxes
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Debtors were given a halt on interest
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Prisoners were freed and death sentences were
commuted by a bold extension of Papal authority to life
service in Palestine
The Crusades
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What motivated the Crusaders
– Genuine religious fervor from both Christian and Muslims
(Our religions is better then yours)
– Geopolitical conflict between Europe and the Middle East
(Hey, your stealing our money, our trade and our land)
– Europe wants in on Silk Road trade routes to China and the
near East
– Greed-European nobles want to make a name for themselves
and get rich-spoils of war
– Racial and religious prejudice “I hate you” concept
The Crusaders
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The variety of motivations resulted
in a many different people being
involved in the Crusades
– Men tired of hopeless poverty
– Adventurers seeking action
– Merchants looking for new markets
– Lords whose enlisting serfs had left
them laborless
– Sincerely religious individuals wanting
to rescue the land of Christ
+
The Crusades
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The First Crusade (10961099)
– Why
 The Byzantine Empire had
been fighting Muslims off
for about 20 years
 The Seljuk Turks had also
taken the Holy Land and
Jerusalem prior to the plea
for help
The Crusades
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Off we go
– In 1096 a massive Christian
army heads off to the Holy
Land by the way of
Constantinople
– Along the way the crusaders
destroy just about anything in
their way (parts of Europe,
Constantinople, the Holy Land)
– By 1099 the Crusaders reached
Jerusalem and placed it under
siege
– In a couple of weeks in 1099
Christians took Jerusalem,
butchered every Muslim, Jew
and even some Christians in the
city
– Jerusalem was now in the hands
of the Christians
The Crusades
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What happened afterwards
– The Crusaders established
what was called the Latin
Kingdoms
– These kingdoms served as the
military and political
strongholds for the Christians
in the Middle East
– This allowed knights and
nobles to
 Own land
 Become involved in trade
and become rich
The Crusades
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The Latin Kingdoms
– The Crusaders were able to hold on to these
Kingdoms for about 200 years however at a cost
– The Crusaders would have to fight a series of
Crusades against the Turks, Arabs and other
Muslims who wanted to drive the Christians out
– When the Muslims were successful in taking back
land from the Crusaders then the Crusaders would
start another Crusade
The Crusades
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The Second Crusade
(1146-1149)
– One of the Latin
Kingdoms falls to the
Muslims
– Some immediate defeats
of the Turks
– Ultimate the Christians
were defeated
The Crusades
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The Third Crusade (11891192)
– Saladin the military leader of
the Muslims captures Jerusalem
in 1187
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Saladin is probably the
greatest military leader the
Muslims have ever known
Richard the Lion-Heart of
England, Philip II Augustus
of France and Frederick I
Barbarossa of the Holy
Roman Empire join together
to fight Saladin
The Crusades
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The Third Crusade
– Richard does some nasty things
while fighting the Muslims
 Killing every Muslim man,
woman, and child in Acre
– Both Richard and Saladin’s
forces face off in a series of
battles
– Neither can gain the advantage
on the other
– The Crusade ends in a
stalemate
– Muslims keep Jerusalem but
Christians were free to visit the
city
The Crusades
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Later Crusades
– From 1200 to about 1291 a series of very unsuccessful
Crusades are launched against the Muslims and even
Christians
– The 4th Crusade (1202-1204)
 In the 4th Crusade targeted the Christian city of Constantinople
instead of the Muslims
 (Crusaders were now just looking for land and wealth and saw a way
to obtain it in Constantinople)
– The ideals of Chivalry were dying out and knights and nobles
were killing whom ever and taking whatever they wanted
The Crusades
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Later Crusades
– In the 1200’s there was Children’s Crusade were young boys and girls
went off to fight the Muslims
– Guess just how this ended up? Lots of children captured and enslaved
– Crusaders attacked Egypt and North Africa with little success
The Turks
– During this same time the Turks were able to drive the Christians out of
the Latin Kingdoms
– Most of the early crusaders who had established the kingdoms had died
or went home
– In 1291 the last outpost for the Christians at Acre fell
– Christian presence in the Middle east was abandoned
– The Crusades were over
The Crusades Died Out
Lack of interest, rising
European prosperity
Repeated military
defeats
Discredited by
"crusades" against
Christian Heretics
– Against the
Albigensians in France
– Against the Hussites in
Bohemia
Effects of Crusades
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Historians frequently call the Crusades “a
successful failure.”
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While Europeans never regained
permanent control of the Holy Land and
many people were killed, cultural diffusion
increased.
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Europeans began to trade with the Middle
East.
Effects of Crusades
 Fatal weakening of Byzantine
Empire
 Vast increase in cultural horizons
for many Europeans
 Stimulated Mediterranean trade
 Need to transfer large sums of
money for troops and supplies led
to development of banking
techniques
Effects of Crusades
Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of arms
Romantic and imaginative literature increased
 European rediscovery of the Roman & Hellenistic
knowledge which had been preserved by the Byzantine
and Muslim Empires
Effects of Crusades
 Knowledge introduced to Europe
 Heavy stone masonry, construction of
castles and stone churches
 Siege technology, tunneling, sapping.
 Moslem minarets adopted as church spires
 Weakening of nobility, rise of
merchant classes in European
 Enrichment was primarily from
East to West--Europe had little to
give in return.
Crusades Bellwork
What were three personal reasons why
people might go on crusade?
 Indulgences, Serfs getting to leave land,
no taxes, halt on debtor, getting out of
jail, adventure, religious belief
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What were two more general reasons for
European Crusades?
 Take the holy land, convert Muslims, Silk
Road Trade Routes, Religious Conflict,
Unify Christianity
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Objective
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WWBAT: Discuss events on the crusades
and the effects of the Crusades on Europe