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Name________KEY_________________________________________ Period____________ Genetics Review Sheet Parent Signature (3% extra credit on test) I have studied this COMPLETED study guide with my student for at least 30 minutes ____________________ Inherited and Acquired Traits 1. What are traits? Traits are different forms of a characteristic. For example, the characteristic of eye color could have traits of blue eyes, brown eyes, hazel eyes, green eyes. 2. What is the difference between an acquired trait and an inherited trait? Which is linked to genetics? Acquired traits are ones you had to develop during your life time. Learning a skill or a sport is acquiring that trait. Working out to get big muscles, piercing your ears or getting tattoos are all acquired traits. An inherited trait is one you were born with. The trait is coded in your DNA which you got from your parents. If you have freckles or a hitchhiker’s thumb, it is because it was in your DNA. 3. Identify the following as inherited or acquired: Trait Inherited/Acquired Trait Flower petal length Inherited Dancing ability Acquired Freckles Inherited Knowledge about math Acquired Eye shape Inherited Tree health Acquired Genetics Terminology 1. Who is Gregor Mendel and what did he discover? Be specific! Gregor Mendel was an Austrian Monk who studied pea plants. We call him the father of genetics because he figured out that offspring inherit separate genetic information from each parent and that information stays separate, it does not mix. 2. Where is the DNA in a cell found? DNA is in the Nucleus. DNA combines to make genes which are bundled together in chromosomes. 3. What does DNA stand for? (Make sure you have the correct spelling!) Deoxyribonucleic acid 4. DNA is made up of how many proteins and what are they called? 4. Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine 5. What is the difference between a phenotype and a genotype? Phenotype is physical appearance and Genotype is the genetic make up. 6. How many chromosomes do you have in each cell? How many from your Mom? Dad? Humans have 46 chromosomes. 23 pairs. Each parent gives 23 chromosomes to each child. 7. What is the difference between a dominant trait and a recessive trait? A dominant trait shows up whenever the genes are present. A recessive trait could be covered up by a dominant trait, hiding the presence of the recessive gene. 8. What type of letters represents a dominant trait? Upper Case/Capital A recessive trait? Lower case/Small 9. Define the following terms: Homozygous: Having 2 of the same allele for a trait. Also called pure-bred for that trait Heterozygous: Having 2 different alleles for a trait. Also called hybrid for that trait. Offspring: The next generation of organisms created from existing organisms either by asexual or sexual reproduction. Humans call offspring children. Heredity: The passing on of traits from parents to offspring Co-dominance: When alleles are neither dominant or recessive and both are expressed in an individual Genotype: The genetic make up of an organism Gene: A string of DNA code that contains the information for a given trait Genetics: The study of Heredity 10. Answer the following questions based on this information: Dominant Recessive Brown Eyes (B) Blue Eyes (b) Curly Hair (H) Straight Hair (h) a. If Susie has a Genotype of Bb HH, what would her Phenotype be? Brown Eyes, Curly Hair b. If Bob has a Phenotype of blue eyes and straight hair, what would his Genotype be? bb, hh c. Susie and Bob are getting married. If they had four kids, how many would have Blue eyes? Use the punnett square to determine the answer. b B Bb b Bb 2/4 would be Bb brown eyes 2/4 would be bb blue eyes b bb bb 11. How is it possible to have a child with traits that neither of the parents have? The parents could each have recessive traits and pass the genes for those to their child, allowing the child to express the recessive trait. Asexual and Sexual Reproduction Reproductive Strategies Venn Diagram Fill in the Venn Diagram with information from the word bank which is true about asexual reproduction on the top, is true about sexual reproduction on the bottom and is true about both asexual and sexual reproduction in the overlapping center. two parents Mix of traits genetically Plants use this method Ability to adapt is high Identical genetically Usually only a few offspring Lots of offspring Very slow Very fast One parent clones Bacteria use this method Lots of diversity Can use either method Mammals use this method Offspring are nurtured by parent(s) Ability to adapt is low Offspring are on their own from start No diversity Lots of variety Asexual Reproduction Identical Genetically Lots of offspring Very fast One Parent Ability to adapt is slow Clones No diversity Bacteria use this method Offspring are on their own from start Both Plants use this method Can use either method Two parents Usually only a few offspring Mix of traits genetically Lots of Diversity Ability to Adapt is High Very Slow Mammals use this method Offspring are nurtured by parent(s) Lots of Variety Sexual Reproduction 1. What are the two main differences between asexual and sexual reproduction? (think of parents and offspring) Asexual: One parent, no genetic variation = clones Sexual: Two parents, genetic variation of offspring 2. Fill in the table ADVANTAGES of ASEXUAL reproduction Takes less energy Happens very fast Can have lots of offspring in a short time 3. Fill in the table ADVANTAGES of SEXUAL reproduction Variation of offspring means a species can adapt to a changing environment. DISADVANTAGES of ASEXUAL reproduction No variation of offspring means the species cannot adapt to a changing environment DISADVANTAGES of SEXUAL reproduction Takes a long time Takes lots of energy Produces fewer offspring at a time 4. Name 4 ways that organisms reproduce asexually? Budding, Fission, Vegetative Growth, Fragmentation & Regeneration 5. Let’s say an organism lived in an environment that was always changing. Would it be better for that organism to reproduce sexually or asexually? WHY? Sexually. At least some of the offspring would be suited to the changing environment because they would all be different due to their genetic variation. 6. If an organism lived in an environment that changed very little, which way of reproduction would be better? WHY? Asexually. All of the offspring would be ideally suited to the environment and would survive. 7. State whether the following situations is an example of asexual or sexual reproduction a. A salmon laying eggs in a river that will be fertilized by another salmon __Sexual________ b. Taking a clipping from a plant and growing a new plant from it __Asexual_______ c. Two bacteria combining their DNA to produce a new, unique bacteria __Sexual________ d. Taking the DNA of an organism and using it to produce a new organism __Asexual_______ Man influencing Genetics 1. What is a GMO? Give the definition An organism which has had its genes modified in ways that do not occur in nature. 2. Why do we have GMO’s? Scientists are adding genes to organisms to make them better able to survive and benefit people. 3. How is selective breeding different from genetic modification? Selective breeding can only cross very similar organisms. Genetic modification can cross completely different forms of life. 4. A tangelo is a cross between a tangerine and a grapefruit. Why do plant scientists make genetic cross like this? Name at least three reasons. They make crosses to get fruit that is more beneficial for people, to make plants more efficient at using energy to produce resources, and to make plants resistant to pests and disease. Adaptations 1. What is a behavioral adaptation? An ACTION or BEHAVIOR that an organism does in order to help it to survive in its environment. 2. What is a structural adaptation? A STRUCTURE or BODY PART that an organism has that helps it to survive in its environment. 3. Why do dogs grow thicker fur in the winter and shed it in the summer? The thick fur gives warmth in cold weather. Losing it in the summer helps dogs stay cooler in warm weather. 4. Why are the bones of a bird hollow? Birds with hollow bones are able to fly more efficiently. Hollow bones are an adaptation that allows birds to fly. 5. Describe four examples of adaptations that animals might have to make them better able to survive in their environment. 1. Snowshoe hare’s small ears prevent heat loss 2. Sharks light belly and dark back hide them 3. Polar bears black skin absorbs light/heat 4. Peppered moths match color of tree bark 6. Explain what a mutation is and what it has to do with adaptations. Mutations are copying errors that change DNA code. Many adaptations are mutations that spread through a population because they provide a survival advantage to the organisms which have the mutation. 7. What happened with the Peppered Moth story? Light moths were better at hiding from birds on light trees till pollution made the trees darker. Then, the dark moths were better at hiding and they reproduced more. After the pollution was cleaned up and the trees got lighter, the dark moths were worse at hiding and the light moths were better at surviving and reproducing again. 8. Can a single organism adapt or does it occur over time in populations? Explain…A single organism CANNOT adapt. Populations adapt over time as individual organisms either survive and pass on their genes or die before they reproduce.