Download Types of vaccines

WORLD VETERINARY DAY
Vaccination to prevent and protect
24th April 2013
Merit House, Abuja
Oyewale TOMORI, DVM, fcvsn
World Veterinary Day is the day when
Veterinarians get together to show
the World the value
of their work!
The focus this year is on veterinarians
using vaccinations to prevent animal
and human diseases, and protect
animals and humans
from getting
diseases
Outline of discussion
What are vaccines?
How are they made?
Why do we need them?
Veterinary profession, vaccination and
Nigeria
VACCINE
Vaccine derived from Edward Jenner's 1796 use
of cow pox (Latin - variola vaccinia, adapted
from the Latin vaccīn-us, from vacca, cow), to
inoculate humans, providing them protection
against smallpox.
a biological preparation that improves
immunity to a particular disease.
contains an agent that resembles a diseasecausing microorganism,
VACCINE
made from weakened or killed forms of the
microbe, its toxins or one of its surface
proteins.
stimulates the body's immune system to
recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it,
and "remember"
With future encounters with microbe,
immune system better able to recognize and
destroy microbe.
Types and forms of vaccines
Vaccines prepared in different forms and types
Killed -previously virulent, micro-organisms
destroyed with chemicals, heat, radioactivity
or antibiotics. Examples are the
Attenuated - live, microorganisms. cultivated
under conditions that disable their virulent
properties, or which use closely related but
less dangerous organisms to produce a broad
immune response.
Types and forms of vaccines
most attenuated vaccines are viral, some
are bacterial in nature.
provoke more durable immunological
responses
Attenuated vaccines have capacity of
transient growth, may revert to virulent
form and cause disease, but results in
prolonged protection
Types of vaccines
Toxoid - inactivated toxic compounds that
cause illness rather than the micro-organism.
Examples of toxoid-based vaccines include
tetanus and diphtheria.
Conjugate vaccines
Conjugate – poorly immunogenic bacteria
polysaccharide linked (conjugated ) with
proteins (e.g. toxins), Haemophilus influenzae
type B vaccine.
Types of vaccines
Subunit vaccines
Protein subunit –a fragment of the organism is used
to create an immune response.
• hepatitis B vaccine- subunit vaccine composed
of only the surface proteins of virus,
• human papillomavirus (HPV) viral major capsid
protein, and
• influenza vaccine - hemagglutinin and
neuraminidase subunits
• Synthetic vaccine - developed to tackle
problematic forms of fooot-and-mouth disease
(FMD)
Vaccines may be monovalent (also called
univalent) or multivalent (also called
polyvalent). A monovalent vaccine is designed
to immunize against a single antigen or single
microorganism.
A multivalent or polyvalent vaccine is designed
to immunize against two or more strains of the
same microorganism, or against two or more
microorganisms. In certain cases a monovalent
vaccine may be preferable for rapidly
developing a strong immune response.
Vaccines may be prophylactic (example: to
prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future
infection by any natural or "wild" pathogen,
or therapeutic (e.g. vaccines against cancer are
also being investigated - cancer vaccine).
Vaccines do not always guarantee complete
protection from a disease because host's
immune system does not respond
adequately or at all, due to
lowered immunity in general (diabetes,
steroid use, HIV infection, age)
host's immune system does not have a
B cell capable of generating antibodies
to that antigen.
Immune system not perfect, so even if the
host develops antibodies, infection can still be
established, but the infection will be less
severe and heal faster.
The efficacy or performance of the vaccine is
dependent on a number of factors:
*the disease itself
*the strain of vaccine
*keeping to vaccination schedule
*other factors- species/age/genetic
predisposition
Veterinary vaccine production in Nigeria
1885-1890: first rinderpest panzootic in West Africa
caused deaths of over 90% of the cattle population.
1913-1914: second wave of rinderpest panzootic
reduced cattle population from 9.million to 2.7
million.
1913: Veterinary Department established in Zaria to
conduct livestock census, disease surveys, and
disease control by isolation and quarantine
1924: Zaria Veterinary Department moved to Vom
as a Veterinary Laboratory.
Veterinary vaccine production in Nigeria
1924: first biological (anti-rinderpest serum)
produced to control the rinderpest outbreaks.
Vom activity later expanded to include production
of animal Vaccines.
1975: FDVR became NVRI, a Veterinary Institute
committed to research excellence and the
production of quality vaccines of the highest
standard for the livestock industry.
Veterinary vaccine production in Nigeria
Mandate of NVRI
 conduct Research into all aspects of animal
diseases, including treatment and control
 establish and sustain surveillance and diagnosis
system for animal diseases
 introduce exotic stock for improved egg, meat
and milk production
Veterinary vaccine production in Nigeria
Mandate of NVRI
 provide extension services to poultry and
livestock farmers
 train intermediate level manpower in veterinary
laboratory technology and animal health and
production technology.
 develop and produce animal vaccines, sera
and biological to meet the national
demand
Bacterial
NVRI Vaccines
Viral
• Contagious bovine pleuro• Newcastle disease intra-ocular (NDV
pneumonia (CBPPV)
i/o)
• Blackquarter (BQV)
• Newcastle disease Lasota (NDV L)
• Brucella S19 (BV)
• Newcastle disease Komarov (NDV K)
• Haemorrhagic septicaemia • Newcastle disease I2 (NDV I2)
(HSV)
• Fowl pox (FPV)
• Hantavac
• Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro)
• Fowl typhoid (FTV)
• Peste des petits ruminants (PPRV)
• Fowl cholera (FCV)
• Anti rabies (ARV) (dog)
Vaccination to prevent and protect
Through vaccination, veterinarians prevent and protect
animals from diseases that can affect not only animals,
but also in some cases also affect humans (zoonoses).
The veterinarian in clinical practice, protects the
community by vaccinating pets
In large animal practice, vaccination ensures successful
farming of production animals are protected against
disease to prevent outbreaks and maximize production.
In regulatory medicine, vaccination is used to prevent
regional, national and trans-boundary outbreaks of
disease.
Jigawa vaccinates 3m livestock in 5 years – Commissioner
Published: December 29,2012
He said that more than two million cattle and 1.2 million
sheep were vaccinated against various diseases within
the last five years.
He also said that 23,450 dogs were vaccinated against
rabies in the 27 local government areas of the state.
…….”initiated and supported the livestock vaccination
exercise, which aims at providing protection for the
animals against major devastating diseases,’’
since 2007, the outbreak of livestock diseases had been
reduced to the barest minimum
Rabies: Health minister urges Nigerians to vaccinate
dogs - September 28, 2012 18:25 - NAN
NAN-HG-6
Rabies
Abuja, Sept. 28, 2012 (NAN)
The Minster of Health, Prof. Onyebuchi Ckukwu,
in Abuja on Friday urged Nigerians to vaccinate
their dogs and check movement of stray dogs
to prevent rabies.
He also advised people that eat dog meat, popularly known as ``404”,
to cook the meat properly so as to guard against infection.
Science News
from universities, journals, & other research organizations
Vaccines Backfire:
Veterinary Vaccines
Found to Combine
Into New Infectious
Viruses
July 12, 2012 — Research
from the University of
Melbourne has shown that two
different vaccine virusesused simultaneously to control
the same condition in
chickens- have combined to
produce new infectious viruses
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
N1
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
N7
N8
N9
ONCE WE HAVE SUCCESSFUL VACCINATION,
MAN AND ANIMAL CAN
SLEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEP
INSECURITY & SAFETY
ALL PROTECTED