Download Classical Conditioning, continued

Classical Conditioning, continued
• Acquisition – initial classical conditioning stage
– Elicits conditioned response
• Extinction – diminishing of a conditioned response
– Happens when UCS does not follow CS
• Spontaneous Recovery – reappearance, after a rest
period, of an extinguished conditioned response
• Generalizing –response to similar stimuli
• Discrimination – noting difference in stimuli
CONDITIONING
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• Associations between CS
and US
• Involves respondent
behavior that occurs as an
automatic response to
stimuli
OPERANT CONDITIONING
• Forms associations between
behaviors and resulting
events
• Behavior produces
rewarding or punishing
stimuli
SKINNER’S EXPERIMENTS
• Rewarded behavior is likely to occur again
– Thorndike’s ideas of reinforcement
• Operant Chamber aka Skinner Box
– Animal can hit pedal to receive food/water
– Behaviors are charted
How does OC work?
• Shaping – operant conditioning procedure in
which reinforcers guide behavior towards the
desired target behavior through successive
approximations
– Example: Try smoking at school
• Consequence A: now member of “cool” peer group
• Consequence B: caught, suspended…
Types of Reinforcers
Reinforcer – any event that strengthens the
behavior it follows
Reinforcers
1. Primary Reinforcer: An innately reinforcing
stimulus like food or drink, sleep or sex.
2. Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcer: A learned
reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power through
association with the primary reinforcer.
ex. Money
Immediate & Delayed Reinforcers
Immediate Reinforcer: A reinforcer that occurs instantly
after a behavior. A rat gets a food pellet for a bar press.
Delayed Reinforcer: A reinforcer that is delayed in time
for a certain behavior. A paycheck that comes at the end
of a week.
We may be inclined to engage in small immediate reinforcers
(watching TV) rather than large delayed reinforcers (getting an A in a
course) which require consistent study.
Reinforcement Schedules
1. Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforces the
desired response each time it occurs.
2. Partial Reinforcement: Reinforces a response only
part of the time. Though this results in slower
acquisition in the beginning, it shows greater
resistance to extinction later on.
Ratio Schedules
1. Fixed‐ratio schedule: Reinforces a response
only after a specified number of responses. (e.g.,
piecework pay.)
2. Variable‐ratio schedule: Reinforces a response after
an unpredictable number of responses. This is hard to
extinguish because of the unpredictability. (e.g.,
behaviors like gambling, fishing.)
Punishment
An aversive event that decreases the behavior it
follows
Punishment
1. Results in unwanted fears.
2. Conveys no information to the organism.
3. Justifies pain to others.
4. Causes unwanted behaviors to reappear in its
absence.
5. Causes aggression towards the agent.
6. Causes one unwanted behavior to appear in
place of another.
(Larzelaere & Baumring, 2002)
Let’s try it…
• Identify the type of operant conditioning in
each example: positive reinforcement,
negative reinforcement, positive punishment
or negative punishment.
• You set your alarm clock in order to get to
work on time. We all wish to get to work on
time so our boss does not get upset. Avoiding
upsetting your boss is a type of payoff that
involves avoiding something bad, so this is
_________________ reinforcement. (positive
or negative)
• If you are encouraged to study so to avoid
getting an F, that consequence is a
______________reinforcement.
• When little Mary throws her food on the floor
she receives a slap to her hand and a firm,
“No!” What type of operant conditioning is
this?
• You wax your skis and when you go skiing with
them, people stop zooming by you on the
slopes which you have always hated.
• What effect will this have on the behavior of
waxing your skis? What type of operant
conditioning is this?