Download Antibody production Immunity and vaccination

Antibody production
Immunity and vaccination
Monoclonal antibodies
Blood clotting
IB2 Biology
Jin Young
Stages in Antibody Production
Antigen presentation
2. Activation of helper T-cells
3. Activation of B-cells
4. Production of plasma cells
5. Production of memory cells
1.
Stage 1: Antigen presentation
Macrophages take in antigens
2. Attach to MHC proteins
3. Move to the plasma membrane
4. Antigens displayed on the surface
1.
Stage 2: Activation of helper T-cells
Receptors with same antigen-binding
domain
1. Helper T-cell binds to macrophage
2. Macrophage activates T-cell
Stage 3: Activation of B-cells
Inactive B-cells with antibodies in plasma
membrane
2. When they match an antigen, they bind
3. Activated helper T-cell bind to B-cell
4. B-cell is activated
1.
Stage 4: Production of plasma cells
Activated B-cells go through mitosis
1.
•
Cloning
Become active
3. Develop plasma cells (cytoplasm)
4. Synthesis of large amounts of antibody
2.
Stage 5: Production of memory cells
T-cells and B-cells
Remain and rapidly respond
Give long-term immunity
Animation
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter14/animation__tcell_dependent_antigens__quiz_1_.html
Active and passive immunity
Active immunity: antibodies by the
organism itself
Passive immunity: antibodies received
from another organism

During pregnancy antibodies passed to the
fetus
Vaccination
Vaccine



Weakened forms
Killed forms
Chemicals produced by the microorganism
Booster shot

Stimulate production of enough antibodies
Vaccination (contd.)
Benefits



Epidemics and
pandemics prevented
Deaths prevented
Disability prevented

Reduce health care costs
Dangers

Adverse reactions





Severe allergic reactions
(anaphylaxis)
Fever
Pain
Swelling
redness
Principles of antibody production
Clonal selection


> 1015 antibodies
B-cells clone themselves
Challenge and response

Immunity developed only when disease
challenges the immune system
Production of monoclonal antibodies
Antigens injected to an animal
2. B-cells extracted from the animal
3. Tumour cells obtained
4. B-cells fused with tumour cells
5. Hybridoma cells- produce antibody
6. Antibodies are extracted and purified
1.
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120110/micro43.swf
Blood clotting
Blood clot: semi-solid from blood


Seal up the wound
Prevent pathogens entering
Platelets: small cell fragments that circulate
in blood plasma
Clotting
Release of clotting factors
1.
•
•
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Damaged tissues
Plasma
Set off a series of reactions
In the last reaction, soluble plasma is altered
Long proten fibres, fibrin
Fibrin forms a mesh of fibres, incld. blood cells
Form semi-solid clot
Dries when exposed to air
Vocab
Antigens: foreign proteins
that trigger an immune
response
Antibodies: protein
molecules that we produce
in response to a specific
type of pathogen
Macrophage: a type of
leucocyte that gets involved
very early in the process of
fighting off a pathogen
Fibrin: fibrous protein
which forms a mesh-like
network that helps to
stabilize the platelet plug
Active immunity: the
organism produces
antibodies on its own;
always leads to the
production of memory cells
and thus provides a longterm immunity to a
pathogen
Passive immunity: when
one organism acquires
antibodies which were
produced in another
organism