Download AP Chapters 42 Study Guide: Circulation and Gas Exchange

AP Chapters 43 Study Guide: The Immune System
(© Rob Hamilton 2009)
Teacher’s Note: Human beings evolved in the presence of a multitude of microbes ready to exploit our bodies.
Without an immunological armory well stocked with weapons, our species would be long gone. Fortunately, we
can raise a specific antibody against virtually a limitless range of molecules. When an invader penetrates our
outer defense, a fury of biochemical action is unleashed. The test development committee likes questions
concerning immunology and the most recent questions occurred in 2005, 2000, & 1991. We will start by reading
pages 898-902 concerning non-specific defenses (immunological defenses that work against all pathogens).
1. The defenses that prevent germs from entering the body are the __________________ and mucus membrane.
2. The openings of the skin are also protected. Mucus and wax trap germs that attempt to enter the nose and ears.
Gastric acid destroys pathogens that enter them mouth. Body secretions such as tears, saliva and mucus can
also contain antimicrobial proteins such as __________________________ which digests the cell wall of
many bacteria.
3. If a germ manages to penetrate the skin, it might encounter one of several types of phagocytic cells. The most
common are ____________________________ (60-70%) of white blood cells. Unfortunately, while these
cells are abundant, they tend to self destruct after engulfing a germ. Less abundant, but more effective are the
_________________________________ or “big eaters” which develop from monocytes. These cells can
attack and consume many germs at once.
4. How do phagocytic cells recognize infectious agents? _____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Antimicrobial protein also can fight against any germ. Compliment proteins can bind to cells and trigger lysis
or signal phagocytic cells. Describe the function of interferon ______________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Mast cells and basophils can release ______________________________ which causes swelling and
inflammation. How does inflammation help the body fight disease? ________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
7. If the infection is systemic, (throughout the body), chemicals called pyrogens will be released triggering the
body to reset the thermostat higher causing a ___________________________
8. Cells called ________________________________ recognize cancer cells and cells that have been infected
by a virus and cause them to self-destruct.
Now we will turn to immune responses that are specific to an antigen. Read pages 903-914.
9. Differentiate between humoral and cell mediated immunity. _______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
10. What is an antigen? _______________________________________________________________________
11. Give a synonym for antibody. _________________________________________
12. Describe one verbally. _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
13. Draw one in the box below. Label the constant portion and the variable region.
14. Some antigens can bind directly to B cells (these are called T independent antigens) causing them to
divide and form two cells called (1)______________________ and (2)______________________
.
a) What is the function of cell (1)? _________________________________________________
b) What is the function of cell (2)? _________________________________________________
15. Where are B cells produced? _________________________________
16. Some antigens will not bind directly to B cells and T cells are required to activate the B cells. These
antigens are called T-dependent antigen. Where do T cells mature? _________________________
17. Describe how a macrophage or dendritic cell can activate a T cell. __________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
18. What will a T cell do after it is activated? ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
19. How do antibodies function? ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
20. What do cytotoxic T cell (T killers) do when they are activated? ____________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
21. In the graph below, show the response an immune system would make when exposed to antigen X.
105
104
Antibody
Number
103
102
101
0
7
14
Antigen X exposure
21
28
35
Time (Days)
42
49
Antigen X exposure
22. What is a vaccine? ____________________________How do vaccines function? ______________
________________________________________________________________________________
23. Differentiate between active and passive immunity. ______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________