Download The Big 3 and the War Time Conferences

THE COLD WAR!!!!
Prescribed Subject Area 1:
Breakdown of the Grand
Alliance
Emergence of Superpower rivalry
in Europe and Asia, 1943-1949
The Big 3 and the
War Time
Conferences
1940-1945
•
Allied military efforts were accompanied by a
series of important international meetings to
discuss the political and military objectives of
the war.
The Clash of Egos
• Each leader had their own personal alliances
and agendas when they attended the meetings.
– FDR and Churchill were very close friends throughout
the war and worked closely with each other.
– Churchill greatly mistrusted Stalin and feared his
intentions for the post-war world and his “iron curtain”
and FDR was forced to mediate between the 2.
– Stalin intended to control all of the lands that his
armies liberated after the war
• The first involvement of the United States in the
wartime conferences between the Allied nations
opposing the Axis powers occurred before the
US formally entered World War II:
– In August 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt and
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met secretly
on the Canadian coast and devised the Atlantic
Charter.
– the United States was not yet actively engaged in the
struggle and the military situation seemed bleak.
Atlantic Charter
•
a statement of purposes in which they endorsed these
objectives:
1. no territorial changes without the consent of the people
concerned;
2. the right of all people to choose their own form of government;
3. the restoration of self-government to those deprived of it;
4. economic collaboration between all nations;
5. freedom from war,
6. Freedom from fear and from want for all peoples;
7. freedom of the seas;
8. the abandonment of the use of force as an instrument of
international policy.
Read: The Atlantic Charter, pg.
16 of Cold War Textbook
• After reading the document, what points
agreed upon by Churchill and Roosevelt
may have prefigured conflict with the
USSR?
• Is there anything ironic about the
agreements made here?
1941-1943
•
•
After the attack at Pearl Harbor the meetings
dealt with the conduct of the war and defined
the nature of the alliance.
There were several meetings between 19411943:
1. At Casablanca in January 1943, Roosevelt and
Churchill agreed to fight until the Axis powers
surrendered unconditionally.
2. In November 1943 meeting in Egypt with Chinese
leader Chiang Kai-shek, Roosevelt and Churchill
agreed to a pre-eminent role for China in postwar
Asia.
Casablanca
• In January 1943 at Casablanca, Morocco, an
• Anglo-American (GB and US), Roosevelt and Churchill
• No peace with Axis and its Balkan satellites without
"unconditional surrender.“
– This term, insisted upon by Roosevelt, south to assure others
that there would be no separate peace agreements with Fascists
or Nazis.
– Ensure that none of the Axis representatives would keep their
power.
– Ensure that Axis powers conceded before entire world.
Casablanca Cont.
• Expression of confidence in the defeat of
Axis.
• Partly to decide where to open second
front.
– Churchill distrusted Stalin and wanted to
attack Balkans to limit Soviet expansion in
Eastern Europe.
– Stalin believed this strategy wouldn’t
effectively divide Axis troops.
Cairo: November 22-26, 1943
• Churchill, Roosevelt,
Chiang Kai-shek
(Jiang Jieshi)
• Assured GMD that
they would continue
to receive funding and
support.
• Identified China as
one of four major
powers.
Cairo Cont.
• Also intended to demonstrate American
commitment to region.
• Ended with the Cairo Declaration
– Continue war against Japan
– Unconditional surrender
– Decolonize Asian mainland
– Restore Japan to 1894 boundaries
Tehran: Nov. 1-28, 1943
•
•
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin.
Meeting at Tehran, Iran the "Big Three“
decided on:
1. cross-channel invasion of Nazi occupied Europe.
2. Promise from Stalin that the Soviet Union would
enter the war against Japan.
3. agreed to establish a new international
organization, the United Nations.
Tehran Cont.
• Stalin insists that USSR restored to 1941
borders.
• Poland’s western border pushed to Oder
and Neisse rivers (not ratified until 1945)
• International cooperation major theme at
conference.
• “Four Policemen” – US, UK, USSR, China,
precursor to UN Security Council
• From left to right:
Stalin, FDR, Churchill
Yalta
• February 1945, the "Big Three" met at the
former Russian czar’s summer palace in the
Crimea.
• Yalta was the most important and by far the
most controversial of the wartime meetings.
• Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to a number of
compromises with Stalin that allowed Soviet
control in Poland and other Eastern European
countries indefinitely.
– Recognized strong Soviet position on the ground.
Yalta-Big Decisions
• Soviet Union secretly agreed to enter the war
against Japan after the surrender of Germany.
• Stalin wanted heavy reparations from Germany
– decision deferred.
• Arrangements about Allied occupation in
Germany and the trial and punishment of war
criminals.
Potsdam Conference
• The last meeting occurred at Potsdam in July 1945, the
tension that would erupt into the cold war was evident.
• Victory in Europe was secured and the Allied leaders
were trying to wrap up the war in the Pacific and secured
their own agendas in Europe:
• Discussed:
– operations against Japan,
– the peace settlement in Europe,
– and a policy for the future of Germany.
• With the Axis forces defeated, the wartime alliance soon
devolved into suspicion and bitterness on both sides.
Political Stalemate
• Despite the end of the war in Europe and
the revelation of the existence of the
atomic bomb to the Allies, neither
President Harry Truman, Roosevelt’s
successor, nor Clement Atlee, who
replaced Churchill, could come to
agreement with Stalin on any but the most
minor issues.
Potsdam- Talking Points
• agreed on the need to reeducate Nazi
Germans
• Discussed restoration of democracy in
Germany.
• Discussed reparations claims against
Germany,
• Agreed to the trial of Nazi leaders
The Ultimatum-Potsdam
Declaration
• Potsdam Declaration - July 26, promised
Japan wouldn’t be destroyed or enslaved if
it surrendered unconditionally;
– If it didn’t - "utter destruction.”
• President Truman
ordered the bomb be
used if the Japanese
did not surrender by
August 3.
– Believed use of bomb
could end war sooner.
The UN is Born
• One of the most far-reaching decisions
concerning the shape of the postwar world
took place on April 25, 1945.
• Representatives of 50 nations met in San
Francisco, California, to erect the
framework of the United Nations.
– The constitution they drafted outlined a world
organization in which international differences
could be discussed peacefully and common
cause made against hunger and disease.
Conclusion
•
The wartime meetings between the allied
leaders were the epitome of “real politik”
and cooperation:
•
The alliance of the “Big Three” was successful in
defeating the Axis Powers and liberated more
people and territory than any other alliance in
history.
However:
– Political mistrust and paranoia led to the
beginning of the Cold War and the nuclear arms
race.
The Truman Doctrine and the
Marshall Plan
Bonus Question:
• Write a definition for the policy of
“Containment” as applied to the
USSR and the name of the
person who developed the Idea
and give it to me.
The Long Telegram
• https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/
study_collections/coldwar/documents/pdf/
6-6.pdf
• Read the first three pages of this document.
- What does Kennan believe are the key features
of the Soviet outlook under Stalin?
- What actions or policies does Kennan believe
the Soviets will pursue?
- Are there any problems with Kennan’s analysis?
Read: pg. 30-32
• How were global power dynamics different
in the immediate post-war aftermath?
• What were the primary US interests?
• What actions did Kennan suggest the US
take?
• What distinction did the Iron Curtain
speech make?
The Iron Curtain Speech
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMt7zC
aVOWU
The Truman Doctrine
Greece and Turkey
• Pro-Western governments in Greece and Turkey
on verge of collapse
• USSR wants Turkish territory – access to
Mediterranean and Middle East
• Soviets indirectly support communists in Greek
Civil War – support comes from Bulgaria and
Yugoslavia.
Great Britain
• Before WWII Great Britain supported
Greece and Turkey militarily and
financially.
• Winter 1946-47 can no longer afford
to support the Greeks and Turks
The Fear
• Greece and Turkey would fall to
Soviet/Communist influence
• Near East, Middle East, North
Africa at risk
The Truman Doctrine
• March 12,
1947
• Policy is
Announced
The Truman Doctrine
• 400 Million Dollars in Aid to Greece and
Turkey
• US Will Give Military and Financial Aid to
Nations Fighting Communism
• Avoid direct confrontation with Soviets
• No (official) targeting of countries already
under communist or Soviet domination.
The Truman Doctrine
•
•
•
•
No bargaining over territory.
Conflict is Democracy vs. Totalitarianism
Free Peoples vs. Oppressed
Policy of containment through military and
financial aid.
• Seen by USSR as declaration of Cold War
THE MARSHALL PLAN
Who was George Marshall?
• Chief of the
Army During
WWII
• Sec. of State
Under Truman
• Well Respected
Conditions in Europe
• Economic Conditions very bad in
Europe post-WWII
• Fear that communism would spread
due to economic conditions
• Helping Europe recover=containing
communism
European Recovery
Act/Marshall Plan
European Recovery
Program/Marshall Plan
• Announced at Harvard on June 5, 1947
• Stops communism by attacking poverty,
hunger, despair
• 13 Billion/equal to 100 billion today
• Aid offered to Stalin
Marshall Plan
Stalin and the Marshall Plan
• Stalin Refuses to Accept Money
• Does not allow “Iron Curtain
Countries” to accept either
• Isolates communist bloc
• Tightens control on eastern Europe
Success of the Marshall Plan
• Western European economies recover
• 16 Countries Helped
• European industries recover: chemical, engineering,
steel
• Reduces poverty
• Increases cooperation between Western Europe and the
United States
• Communism effectively contained
Read: Marshall Plan, pg. 33-35
• Why was the plan such a serious setback
for Stalin?
• What effect did the plan have on
Czhechoslavakia?
• Describe the economic effects of the plan.
• How did Stalin respond?
The Berlin Blockade and Airlift
• Read pg. 38-42
• After this reading, and watching the
videos, create a dispatch about the
situation in West Berlin.
Pg. 38-43 in textbook
– Imagine you are a foreign journalist living in
West Berlin in the winter of 1948-1949.
– Create a one page newspaper article or a 2
minute television broadcast (video) that
explains the situation.
– Make sure to include:
•
•
•
•
Historical context.
Proximal causes of the blockade.
The Allied response
Possible long term effects.
Berlin Airlift
1948-1949
Background
• After WWII Allies needed to deal with
Germany
– France and USSR suffered from German
twice in 20th c., both wanted a weakened
Germany.
The Solution
• Create occupation zones based on way armies
had entered the country
• Soviets - agricultural areas in the east
• British - industrial areas in north
• Americans - scenic areas in south.
• The French zone later came from US zone.
Occupation Zones in Germany
Berlin
• Berlin remains
capital, became a
divided city: western
half occupied by
British, US, France
• Although the western allies had territory in
Berlin, there was never an agreement with
the Soviets to allow surface access into
the city.
• In the interest of safety, however, an
agreement was reached establishing air
corridors to and from the city.
• The Allies wanted five
corridors, but the
Soviet Union only
agreed to three
• Two were in the
British Zone, one in
the American
• Each corridor was 20
miles wide
• Two airbases existed
in West Berlin
• Tempelhof in the
American Sector
• Gatow in the British
Sector
What Caused the Blockade?
• Europe was not recovering from the war
as quickly as hoped
• The United States came up with the idea
of combining the three western zones into
“Trizonia” to help Germany recover
• The Soviet Union, opposed Germany unity
and imposed a short, possible test,
blockade in April 1948, preventing
supplies from reaching Berlin
• The Western zones decided to replace the
nearly worthless German currency with new
money, a move the Soviets ferociously opposed
• In response, the Soviets imposed a total ground
blockade in July 1948.
• The purpose was not to drive the western allies
out of Germany, but rather to force their hand.
• Click below to hear Truman’s explanation of the
blockade.
What is a President to Do?
• Truman’s advisors offered many solutions:
Lucius Clay, Military Governor of
Germany wanted to force a convoy
into Berlin, risking World War III,
but the British said no
The British suggested that the Allies use an
airlift to supply Berlin to buy time for
negotiations with the Soviets.
• What began as a temporary measure,
grew into one of the greatest logistical
feats ever attempted.
• Though the two airports in Berlin had only
one runway each, the allies began airlifting
supplies into Berlin
Read: Page 45, Creation of
NATO
• What did the US believe Soviet actions
would lead to? Why might this have been
a legitimate fear?
• What was the forerunner organization of
NATO?
• What does “bipartisan” mean?
• What difficulties did the alliance face?
• How did the Soviets interpret the creation
of NATO? How did they respond?