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Central Dogma Review Sheet Honors Biology *Review the structure of proteins. You should know the relationship of amino acid to proteins, and know what a peptide bond is. Review also enzymes, particularly the importance of enzyme shape (particularly the active site) to its function. 1. Be able to describe the structure of DNA, including the numbering of the carbons in the deoxyribose sugar. Know the four bases of DNA, and be able to characterize each as purine or pyrimidine. 2. Likewise, be able to describe the structure of RNA. Be able to list differences between DNA and RNA, and recognize the two by sight. 3. Understand how base pairing works. Know that A hydrogen-bonds with T, and C bonds with G. Be able to give the reasons why the base pairing is so specific. DNA Replication 4. Be able to explain why DNA is replicated, and when this occurs in the cell cycle. Why is the fidelity of replication (how accurately it is copied) important? 5. Be able to describe the roles of the following enzymes in DNA replication: Helicase, SSB, Primase, DNA Polymerase, and DNA ligase. 6. Understand why the two strands of the DNA molecule are replicated differently. Be able to identify the leading and lagging strands. Be able to explain what Okazaki fragments are. Transcription 7. Be able to explain why DNA is temporarily copied into mRNA, and not used directly. 8. Know the role of RNA polymerase in transcription. Be able to define the promoter and terminator regions. 9. Be able to list and explain the modifications to mRNA, including the mG 5’ cap, the polyA tail, and splicing by the spliceosome. You should also be able to describe introns and exons. Translation 10. Be able to explain the roles of the four types of RNA molecules: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and ribozymes. 11. Be able to describe briefly the process of translating an mRNA into a protein. You should: - Be able to recognize start codons and stop codons by sight. - Using a Genetic Code Table, translate the codons into the amino acids - You should be able to briefly describe how one of the different tRNAs recognizes specific codon (via the anticodon). You should then be able to describe how the ribosome synthesizes the protein, including the role of the E, P, and A sites. Be able to explain how the stop codon is read. Know that about 3 ATP equivalents are needed to form one peptide bond. Mutations 12. Be able to define mutation, and recognize and determine the effects of the following the mutations on a DNA coding sequence: Point mutations (especially silent mutations) Nonsense mutations Run-on mutations Frameshift mutations Remember that mutations are not always bad: they can be neutral or even beneficial. 13. Be able to discuss causes of mutations.