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Organic Chemistry Review Alkanes: Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms; alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. Alkenes: a hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bond; alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkynes: a hydrocarbon that contains a carbon-carbon triple bond; alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon: an organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen. Isomer: compounds that have the same molecular formula but different molecular structures. Unsaturated compound: an organic compound with one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bond. Saturated compound: an organic compound in which all carbon atoms are joined by single covalent bonds; it contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Functional group: a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions; the chemistry of an organic compound is determined by its functional group. Hydroxyl: the –OH functional group present in alcohols. I.U.P.A.C: The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations that represents chemists in individual countries. Substituent: an atom or group of atoms that can take the place of hydrogen atom on a parent hydrocarbon molecule. Alkyl group: a hydrocarbon substituent. Ester: a derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the –OH of the carboxyl group has been replace by the -OR from the alcohol. Carbonyl group: a functional group having a carbon atom and an oxygen atom joined by a double bond. Organic compound: compound containing carbon. Distillation: Crude oil is heated so that it vaporizes and rises through a fractionating column. Compounds with the highest boiling points condense near the bottom where it is hotter. Cracking: Controlled process by which hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller more useful molecules. Esterification: reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to form an ester and water. Alcohol: an organic compound having an –OH (hydroxyl) group attached. Carboxylic acid: an organic acid containing a carboxyl group. Carboxyl group: a functional group consisting of a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group. 2. a) CnH2n+2 b) CnH2n c) CnH2n-2 d) CnH2n e) R-OH f) R-COOH g) R-COO-R1