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Lymphatic Notes Outline
I. Basics. (Lymphatic syst. made of 2 semi-independent parts: Lymphatic vessels & Lymphoid tissues &
organs).
A. Functions
1. Absorption & return of excess
2 Absorption of
B. Composed of
1. Lymph –
a. made up of water, plasma proteins, ions, & lymphoid cells
2. Lymph Vessels:
a. Closely associated w/
b. Similar to
c. Pumpless
d. Contraction of skeletal muscles causes
e. very low pressure in lymph vessels
f. Lymphedema: severe localized edema as result of anything preventing normal return of lymph
to blood. ie. tumors, mastectomy
3. Lymph Organs
a. Lymph Nodes:
i. most are kidney shaped & divided into compartments.
ii. B lymphocytes – Plasma cells- release antibodies
iii. T lymphocytes – Circulate_ Surveillance Role
b. Bone Marrow produces
c. Spleens serves as
i. located in left side of abdominal cavity
ii. largest lymphatic organ
d. Thymus: causes pre-Tcells to
i. found in lower neck region & extends into thorax
ii. Causes T cells to become immunocompetent by secretion of thymosin & thymopoietin
iii. Size increases through adolescence; decreases in adulthood; by old age its completely
replaced by fatty tissue.
e. Tonsils: Have invaginations called crypts that trap bacteria & particulate matter; the
lymphocytes w/in remove pathogen & foreign matter. Allows for “memory” of trapped pathogens.
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f. Pyer’s Patches: Lymph nodules found in distal portions of the ileum of the small intestine & in
appendix. Similar to Tonsils, destroy bacteria & generate “memory” lymphocytes offer long-term immunity.
II. Immune Response
A. Basics: Body’s 3rd line of Defense
1. Skin
2. Mucous membranes
B. Immune System is
1. Antigen specific
2. Systemic
not restricted to the initial infection site.
3. Has
C. Kinds of Immune Response
1. Specific Immunity:
a. Antibodies bind
b. B-lymphocytes
c. T-lymphocytes
D. Kinds of Immune Response
2. Nonspecific Defense
a. Physical barriers
b.
constantly lubricate & cleanse eyes & contain lysozyme.
c.
engulf & destroy pathogens that breach surface membrane barriers.
d. Fever /
prevents spread of injurious agents to adjacent tissues, disposes of
pathogens & dead tissue cells, promotes tissue repair; chemical mediators released attract phagocytes &
immunocompetent cells) to the area.
i. 4 Cardinal sings of Inflammatory Response: redness, heat, swelling, pain, (5th might be
impairment of function)
ii. Inflammatory chemicals include: histamine, kinnins, & prostaglandins
e. First line of defense: external body membranes ie. skin & mucosa
f. Second line of defense: called into action by chemical signals when external defenses
penetrated. Uses antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes & other cells. Ex. inflammation
3. Humoral Immunity: antibody mediated immunity (antibodies in fluids)
a. Provided by
b. Antibodies
i Are produced by.
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ii Circulate freely
iii. Bind primarily to bacteria ,
iv. 5 classes of antibodies or immunoglobins
IgM: first antibody class that’s released to blood by plasma cells
IgG: most abundant antibody in plasma
IgA: found primarily in mucus & other secretions that cover body surfaces.
IgD: always bound to B cells; B cell receptor
IgE: almost never in blood; “troublemaker” antibodies associated w/allergies.
4. Cell Mediated Immunity
a. Provided by nonantibody –
b. Directly attack &
1.containing viruses or
2. Cancer
3. Foreign
c. Release chemical mediators
1. enhances inflammatory
2. Help activate
E. Primary Immune Response:
1. Occurs on 1st exposure to particular antigen
2. Lag period of 3-6 days (time required for the few B cells specific for that antigen to proliferate & for
the offspring to differentiate into plasma cells).
F. Secondary Immune Response:
1. Re-exposure to particular antigen
2. Faster, more prolonged response, more effective
3. Sensitized “memory” cells on alert
III. Cells of the Immune System
A. Killer Cells:
1. Natural Killer Cells: do not require a specific antigen
a. Similar to the killer T cell
b. Function as effector cells that
c. Kill their targets w/o prior
d. More efficient if 1st
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2. Cytotoxic T Cells:
a. recognize a specific antigen
b. rid the body of cells that have been infected by viruses as well as cancer cells
c. Cytokines are diverse & potent chemical messenger secreted by the cells of the immune syst.
that bind to specific receptors on target cells.
B. B cells or B lymphocytes: oversee humoral immunity
1. work chiefly by secreting antibodies
2. Each B cells makes 1 specific anti
3. When a B cell encounters its triggering antigen it gives rise to many large plasma cells that
produce that specific antibody.
4. Antibody structure 2 identical heavy chains & 2 identical light chains shaped to form a Y.
5. antibody production & binding to an antigen, is often a means of signaling other cells to
C. Granulocytes or Polymorphonuclear (PMN) Leukocytes
1. Neutrophils
2. Important in the removal of
D. Macrophages: engulf foreign particles & present portions of these antigens on their own surfaces for
recognition by lymphocytes. They remain in lymph organs.
1. regulate immune
2. antigen-presenting cells (APC)
3. Functions:
Phago
Secretion of
Antigen
E. Dendritic Cells
1. Antigen-presenting cells
2. More efficient APC than
3. bring antigen to lymphoid organs
4. bind high amount of HIV & may be a reservoir
F. T-cells or T lymphocytes: nonantibody producing lymphocytes that make up cell mediated immunity.
1. Function:
a. Some help regulated the immune sys
b. others are cytotoxic (directly contact infected cells & destroy them)
2. Helper Inducer T cells: activate B cells & other T cells.
3. Suppressor T cells: turn off or suppress immune cells
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III.Other : Immunity whenever T cells & B cells are activated, some become “memory” cells. The
next time that an individual encounters that same antigen, the immune syst. is primed to destroy it quickly.
A. Active, Passive & Acquired Immunity
1. Active Immunity: achieved by responses of ones
2. Passive Immunity: achieved by exogenous immune
a. long term
-Can be stimulated by infection also by vaccines made form infectious agents that have been
inactivated.
b. short term
-can be transferred passively from one individual to another via antibody containing serum
across the placenta.
3. Acquired Immunity: comes from infection or from a
4. Artificial Immunity: comes from immunizations
B. Autoimmune Diseases
1. Diseases caused by failure of the immune syst. to recognize
2. Examples:
a. Rheumatoid Arthritis (joints): systematically destroys joints.
b. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (connective tissue): systemic disease that particularly affects
the kidneys, lungs, & skin.
c. Graves’ Disease (thyroid): prompts thyroid gland to produce excessive amount of thyroxine.
d. Myasthenia Gravis: impairs communication b/w nerves & skeletal muscles.
C. AIDS – Immunodeficiency Syndrome
1. Causes death
2. Caused by Human Immunodeficiency
3. Kills T-4 lymphocytes
4. T-4 lymphocytes induce
5. Debilitated immune
6. No Cure for
7. HIV infection causes AIDS & AIDS allows other
D. Hypersensitivities (Allergies)
1. immediate:
2. anaphylaxis: life threatening
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3. subacute: not life threatening
4. delayed: skin contact w/poison ivy, cosmetics, etc.
IV. Organ Transplants:
1. Autograft:
2. Isograft
3. Allograft:
4. Xenografts
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