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AP Biology
Reading Guide
Chapters 23 – Organization of Animal Systems, Hormones and Homeostasis
Chapter 40
Animal Organization and Homeostasis
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1. How do single celled and ‘sac’ animals allow for each body cell to be in contact with an aqueous
medium? How do more complex organisms solve this problem?
2. Define homeostasis.
3. List the four general categories of animal tissues.
4. Define negative feedback. Give an example.
5. Define positive feedback. Give an example.
6. When blood glucose levels rise above a set point after eating a meal high in carbohydrates, b-cells
in the pancreas are activated and release insulin into the blood. Insulin causes an increase in
glucose uptake by body cells and causes the liver to take in glucose and convert it to glycogen. As
a result, blood glucose levels decline to the set point.
A. Is this an example of positive or negative feedback?
B. How do you know?
C. How is the maintenance of homeostasis affected?
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AP Biology
Reading Guide
Chapters 23 – Organization of Animal Systems, Hormones and Homeostasis
7. Why is positive feedback helpful in clotting blood but unsuitable for regulation of body temperature?
8. Animals must sense and respond to both internal and external environment. Three primary
systems: endocrine, immune, and nervous, are responsible. Summarize the role of each of these
system.
You can skip over molting in arthropods and insect development.
9. What are the three major groups of hormones? What type of biomolecule compose each class?
Where is the receptor for each type of hormone generally located in the target cell? Give an
example of a specific hormone from each class.
10. What determines if a cell will respond and the nature of the response to a particular hormone?
11. Explain how signaling pathways of steroid (lipid-soluble) and peptide (water-soluble) hormones
differ.
12. Distinguish between a neurotransmitter, a hormone and a neurohormone.
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AP Biology
Reading Guide
Chapters 23 – Organization of Animal Systems, Hormones and Homeostasis
13. Explain the relationship of the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland and to the anterior
pituitary gland. List the hormones secreted by the posterior and anterior pituitary.
14. Give an example of the negative feedback relationship among the hypothalamus, the anterior
pituitary, and other endocrine glands.
15. Discuss the effect of there being too much or too little growth hormone when a young person is
growing. What is the result of the anterior pituitary produces growth hormone in an adult?
16. What is the role of thyroxine?
17. How do the thyroid and the parathyroid work together to control the blood calcium level?
18. How do the adrenal glands respond to stress? What hormones are secreted by the adrenal
medulla, and what effects do these hormones have?
19. Name the most significant glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid, and discuss the function of each.
Explain the symptoms of Addison disease and Cushing syndrome.
See 39.4……
20. Draw a diagram to explain how insulin and glucagon maintain the blood glucose level. Use your
diagram to explain three major symptoms of type I diabetes mellitus.
21. Discuss how a person may exhibit diabetic symptoms even though the islet cells and insulin
production is functioning normally. What type of diabetes does this represent?
Free Response Essay Sample Question:
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AP Biology
Reading Guide
Chapters 23 – Organization of Animal Systems, Hormones and Homeostasis
Homeostasis, maintaining a steady-state internal environment, is a characteristic of all living organisms.
For the following physiological parameters, describe how feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.
(Be sure to elaborate on the hormones, organs and physiological responses involved.)
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Blood-glucose concentration
Body temperature
Blood pressure and volume
Calcium concentration in the blood
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