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Arabian Peninsula Mecca & Yathrib (Medina) Prophet Gabriel orders him to preach Mecca = unsuccessful Yathrib = successful ◦ Becomes Medina “city of the prophet” ◦ Commemorated as Hejira Built an army and defeated Mecca Qur'anic Name Biblical Name Adam Adam Idris Enoch Nuh Noah Hud ----- Salih Salih Ibrahim Abraham Isma'il Ishmael Ishaq Isaac Lut Lot Ya'qub Jacob Yusuf Joseph Shu'aib ----- Ayyub Job Musa Moses Harun Aaron Dhu'l-kifl Ezekiel Dawud David Sulaiman Solomon Ilias Elias Al-Yasa Elisha Yunus Jonah Zakariyya Zechariah Yahya John 'Isa Jesus Muhammad ----- 1 Shahadah ◦ Declaration of faith آل اِلَـهَ اِالَّ هلل محمد رسول هللا “La ilaha illa Allah: Muhammadun rasulu Allah” –“No God but Allah: Muhammad is the prophet of Allah” 2 Salat (Salah) ◦ Prayers ◦ 5 times a day ◦ Facing East Mecca 3 Zakat ◦ Tax (Charity) ◦ 2.5 % of yearly income 4 Sawm ◦ Fasting During Ramadan ◦ Sunrise to sunset 5 Hajj ◦ Pilgrimage to Mecca ◦ Exceptions Physical Financial Koran (Quran) ◦ Exact word of God as revealed to Muhammad Mohammad’s teachings ◦ Written by his followers Torah and Bible ◦ Have stories similar stories Parables Prophecy 600’s A.D. No Empire on the Arabian Peninsula-too harsh of an environment People did come through the area to trade Arabian Desert born 570 A.D. poor family Kuraish tribe, who dominate Mecca ◦ controlling much of the religious pilgrim trade raised by relatives-specifically an uncle Commercial agent for a wealthy widow ◦ supervising caravans from Mecca, north to Jerusalem ◦ contact with both Jews and Christians Made an impression on his boss and married her ◦ retired to devote himself to his principal interest ◦ religion monogamous until his wife died eventually married nine wives last marriage at 53 to Aishah, daughter of a friend wives: widows of friends or political marriages Early ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Wasn’t successful Threatened political, social, and religious structures Economy in Mecca Left Mecca Hejira ◦ 622 AD-Start of the Islamic calendar ◦ Arrived in Medina Return ◦ Returns to Mecca and wins Mecca preserved as a holy city and place of pilgrimage ◦ to preserve the economic prosperity the Kaaba preserved as the central shrine ◦ idols destroyed ◦ story of its origins changed ◦ pilgrimage as an act of faith monotheism (defined a bit differently) insistence on the responsibility of human beings final judgment and rewards angels and spirits practice of virtues Succession- Who would follow Mohammed? generated a permanent split in the Islamic community ◦ Sunnis ◦ Shi’as Sunni 85-90% of Muslims Any devout Muslim can be caliph Shiites 10-15% of Muslims Descendants of Ali can be caliph (leader of Muslims) •Past-Ali and his son were assassinated (Shiites: Angry) •Present: Iraq-Sunni Minority, who gets the power. Attacks on each other bombings, fights. What is this cartoon showing? Did not force conversion, Jews and Christians had to pay “non-believer tax” Muslims were united…to die in battle was a guarantee of eternal paradise Islam emphasized human equality How does that fit with what we know?