Download Final Exam Study Guide PSY-110-130 Psychology The scientific

Final Exam Study Guide
PSY-110-130
1. Psychology
a. The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
b. Systematic method to observe, describe, predict, and explain behavior that we see
2. Behavior
a. Everything we do that can be directly observed
3. Mental processes
a. Thoughts, feelings, and motives experienced privately
b. Must be inferred
4. Psychoanalysis
a. The theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud
5. Psychotherapy
a. A process in which a trained psychological professional helps a person gain insights into and change his or
her behavior
6. Behaviorism
a. The science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only
7. Psychiatrist
a. A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
8. Psychoanalyst
a. Either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has special training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his
method of psychoanalysis
9. Psychiatric social worker
a. A social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that
can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse
10. Psychologist
a. A professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology
11. Replicate
a. In research, repeating a study or experiment to see if the same results will be obtained in an effort to
demonstrate reliability of results
12. Observer effect
a. Tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed
13. Participant observation
a. A naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed
14. Observer bias
a. Tendency of observers to see what they expect to see
15. Blind observers
a. People who do not know what the research question is and have no preconceived notions about what they
should see
16. Case study
a. Study of one individual in great detail
17. Representative sample
a. Randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects
18. Population
a. The entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested
19. Correlation
a. A measure of the relationship between two variables
b. Does not prove causation
20. Correlation coefficient
a. A number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation and indicating the strength and direction of
a correlation
21. Experiment
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a. A deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the
determination of cause-and-effect relationships
22. Operational definition
a. Definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured
23. Independent variable
a. Variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter
24. Dependent variable
a. Variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the
experiment
25. Confounding variable
a. Variables that interfere with each other and their possible effects on some other variable of interest
26. Experimental group
a. Subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable
27. Control group
a. Subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo
treatment
28. Agonists
a. Chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next
cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell
29. Antagonists
a. Chemical substances that block or reduce a cell’s response to the action of other chemicals or
neurotransmitters
30. Acetylcholine
a. Excitatory or inhibitory
b. Involved in memory and controls muscle contractions
31. Serotonin
a. Excitatory or inhibitory
b. Involved in mood, sleep, and appetite
32. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
a. Major inhibitory neurotransmitter
b. Involved in sleep and inhibits movement
33. Glutamate
a. Major excitatory neurotransmitter
b. Involved in learning, memory formation, and nervous system development
34. Norepinephrine
a. Mainly excitatory
b. Involved in arousal and mood
35. Dopamine
a. Excitatory or inhibitory
b. Involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure
36. Endorphins
a. Inhibitory neural regulators
b. Involved in pain relief
37. Central nervous system (CNS)
a. Part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
38. Spinal cord
a. A long bundle of neurons that carries messages between the body and the brain and is responsible for very
fast, lifesaving reflexes
39. Afferent (sensory) neuron
a. A neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system
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40. Efferent (motor) neuron
a. A neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
41. Interneuron
a. A neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the afferent neurons and
sends commands to the muscles through the efferent neurons
b. Interneurons also make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain
42. Reflex arc
a. The connection of the afferent neurons to the interneurons to the efferent neurons, resulting in a reflex
action
43. Neuroplasticity
a. The ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to
experience or trauma
44. Stem cells
a. Special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of manufacturing other cell types when
those cells need to be replaced due to damage or wear and tear
45. Motor pathway
a. Nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of efferent neurons
46. Sympathetic division (fight-or-flight system)
a. Part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal
47. Parasympathetic division
a. Part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-today functioning of the organs and glands
48. Hormones
a. Members of a class of chemicals released by glands
49. Pons
a. The larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part
in sleep, dreaming, left—right body coordination, and arousal
50. Reticular formation (RF)
a. An area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond that is
responsible for selective attention
51. Cerebellum
a. Part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor
movement
52. Thalamus
a. Part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, this structure relays sensory information from the
lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before
sending it to its proper area
53. Olfactory bulbs
a. Two projections just under the front of the brain that receive information from the receptors in the nose
located just below
54. Hypothalamus
a. Small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland, responsible
for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex
55. Hippocampus
a. Curved structure located within each temporal lobe, responsible for the formation of long-term memories
and the storage of memory for location of objects
56. Amygdala
a. Brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear
57. Cerebral hemispheres
a. The two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain
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58. Corpus callosum
a. Thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres
59. Occipital lobe
a. Section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers
of the brain
60. Parietal lobes
a. Sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for
touch, taste, and temperature sensations
61. Somatosensory cortex
a. Area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing information from the
skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body position, and possibly taste
62. Temporal lobes
a. Areas of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of
hearing and meaningful speech
63. Frontal lobes
a. Areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and
decision making as well as the production of fluent speech
64. Pineal gland
a. Endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum; secretes melatonin
65. Thyroid gland
a. Endocrine gland found in the neck
b. Regulates metabolism
66. Pancreas
a. Endocrine gland
b. Controls the levels of sugar in the blood
67. Gonads
a. Sex glands
b. Secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction
68. Ovaries
a. The female gonads
69. Testes
a. The male gonads
70. Synesthesia
a. Disorder in which the signals from the various sensory organs are processed in the wrong cortical areas,
resulting in the sense information being interpreted as more than one sensation
71. Sensation
a. The process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of
outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain
72. Transduction
a. The process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity
73. Afterimages
a. Images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is
removed
74. Opponent-process theory
a. Theory of color vision that proposes four primary colors with copnes arranged in pairs: red and green, blue
and yellow
75. Consciousness
a. Awareness of both external and internal sensations or events
76. Alpha waves
a. Brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep
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77. Theta waves
a. Brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep
78. Delta waves
a. Long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep
79. Insomnia
a. The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep
80. Physical dependence
a. Condition occurring when a person’s body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug
81. Withdrawal
a. Physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting
from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems
82. Psychological dependence
a. The feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being
83. Classical conditioning
a. Learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that
normally produces the reflex
84. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
a. A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response
85. Unconditioned response (UCR)
a. An involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus
86. Conditioned emotional response (CER)
a. Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of
dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person
87. Operant conditioning
a. The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses
88. Positive reinforcement
a. The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus
89. Negative reinforcement
a. The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus
90. Punishment
a. Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again
91. Punishment by application
a. The punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus
92. Punishment by removal
a. The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus
93. Making punishment more effective
a. Should immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish
b. Should be consistent
c. Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right
behavior
94. Shaping
a. The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior
95. Insight
a. The sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the
problem to come quickly
96. Learned helplessness
a. The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
97. Observational learning
a. Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
98. Learning/performance distinction
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a. Referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior
99. Elaborative rehearsal
a. A method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some
way
100. Procedural (nondeclarative) memory
a. Type of long-term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses
b. These memories are not conscious but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior
101. Anterograde amnesia
a. Loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term
memories
102. Implicit memory
a. Memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness, such as procedural memory
103. Declarative memory
a. Type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known
104. Semantic memory
a. Type of declarative memory containing general knowledge, such as knowledge of language and information
learned in formal education
105. Episodic memory
a. Type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily
activities and events
106. Explicit memory
a. Memory that is consciously known, such as declarative memory
107. Recall
a. Type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” from memory with very
few external cues
108. Recognition
a. The ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact
109. Serial position effect
a. Tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more
accurately than information in the middle of the body of information
110. Primacy effect
a. Tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information
that follows
111. Intelligence
a. The ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to
new situations or solving problems
112. G factor
a. The ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence
113. S factor
a. The ability to excel in certain areas, or specific intelligence
114. Analytical intelligence
a. The ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving
115. Creative intelligence
a. The ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems
116. Practical intelligence
a. The ability to use information to get along in life and become successful
117. Intelligence quotient (IQ)
a. A number representing a measure of intelligence, resulting from the division of one’s mental age by one’s
chronological age and then multiplying that quotient by 100
118. Reliability
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a. The tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people
Validity
a. The degree to which a test actually measures what it’s supposed to measure
Developmentally delayed
a. Condition in which a person’s behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than
the skills of others who are the same chronological age
b. A more acceptable term for mental retardation
Gifted
a. The 2% of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve and typically possessing an IQ of
130+
Emotional intelligence
a. The awareness of and ability to manage one’s own emotions as well as the ability to b e self-motivated, able
to feel what others feel, and socially skilled
Genetics
a. The science of inherited traits
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
a. Special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism
Gene
a. Section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements
Chromosome
a. Tightly wound strand of genetic material or DNA
Dominant
a. Referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait
Recessive
a. Referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene
Cognitive development
a. The development of thinking, problem solving, and memory
Scheme
a. In this case, a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events
Sensorimotor stage
a. Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to
interact with objects in the environment
Object permanence
a. The knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
Preoperational stage
a. Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development in which the preschool child learns to use language as a
means of exploring the world
Concrete operations stage
a. Third stage of cognitive development in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought
processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking
Formal operations stage
a. Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking
Scaffolding
a. Process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as
the less skilled learner becomes more capable
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
a. Vygotsky’s concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the
help of a teacher
Temperament
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a. The behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth, such as easy, difficult, and slow to
warm up
Attachment
a. The emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver
Motivation
a. The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs
or wants are met
Extrinsic motivation
a. Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate
from or external to the person
Intrinsic motivation
a. Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in
some internal manner
Need
a. A requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism
Drive
a. A psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act
in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension
Drive-reduction theory
a. Approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to
push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal
Primary drives
a. Those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst
Acquired (secondary drives)
a. Those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social
approval
Homeostasis
a. The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state
Arousal theory
a. Theory of motivation in which people are saiod to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they
seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation
Yerkes-Dodson law
a. Law stating performance is related to arousal
b. Moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high
c. This effect varies with the difficulty of the task
i. Easy tasks require a high-moderate level whereas more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level
Sensation seeker
a. Someone who needs more arousal than the average person
Androgens
a. Male hormones
Estrogens
a. Female hormones
Intersexed/ual
a. A person who possesses ambiguous sexual organs, making it difficult to determine actual gender from a
visual inspection at birth
Sexual desire disorders
a. Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
i. Ongoing, abnormally low desire for sexual activity
b. Sexual aversion disorder
i. Fear and disgust of sexual contact
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c. Sexual arousal disorders
i. Female sexual arousal disorder
1. Desire for sexual activity is present, but physical discomfort and a lack of pleasure are
experienced during sexual activity
ii. Male erectile disorder
1. A male cannot maintain an erection long enough to complete mating
d. Orgasmic disorders
i. Male orgasmic disorder
1. A male cannot achieve orgasm through vaginal stimulation, even though fully aroused
ii. Female orgasmic disorder
1. A female cannot achieve an orgasm even though fully aroused
iii. Premature ejaculation
1. Some men experience orgasm shortly after penetration, which can cause feelings of sexual
inadequacy because the partner does not have time to achieve orgasm
iv. Sexual pain disorders
1. Vaginismus
a. Persistent contractions of the vaginal muscles, causing sexual intercourse to be
painful or impossible
2. Dyspareunia
a. Pain in the genitals that can occur before, during, or after intercourse can be
experienced by either gender
Paraphilia
a. A sexual disorder in which the person’s preferred method of sexual arousal and fulfillment is through sexual
behavior that is unusual or socially unacceptable
Fetishism
a. An object or part of the body becomes the focus of sexual interest and arousal, such as shoes, feet, or
underwear
Exhibitionism
a. The exposure of normally clothed parts of the body to unsuspecting and typically unwilling viewers, such as
a flasher
Voyeurism
a. The act of obtaining sexual arousal and gratification through watching other people engage in sexual
behavior or undress, such as a Peeping Tom
Frotteurism
a. The act of becoming sexually aroused or gratified through rubbing up against an unwilling person, usually
in a crowded public place
Necrophilia
a. Fetishism in which the sexual arousal comes from touching or having intercourse with a corpse
Transvestism
a. Fetishism in which sexual arousal and pleasure come from wearing the clothing of the opposite sex
Health psychology
a. Area of psychology focusing on how physical activities, psychological traits, and social relationships affect
overall health and rate of illnesses
Stress
a. The term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are
appraised as threatening or challenging
Stressors
a. Events that cause a stress reaction
Pressure
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a. The psychological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations for a person’s behavior that
come from an outside source
Frustration
a. The psychological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need
Aggression
a. Actions meant to harm or destroy
Displaced aggression
a. Taking out one’s frustrations on some less threatening or more available target, a form of displacement
Displacement
a. Psychological defense mechanism in which emotional reactions and behavioral responses are shifted to
targets that are more available or less threatening than the original target
Escape or withdrawal
a. Leaving the presence of a stressor, either literally or by a psychological withdrawal into fantasy, drug abuse,
or apathy
Type A personality
a. Person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, and tends to have high levels of hostility
and anger as well as being easily annoyed
Type B personality
a. Person who is relaxed and laid-back, less driven and competitive than Type A, and slow to anger
Coping strategies
a. Actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors
Problem-focused coping
a. Coping strategies that try to eliminate the source of a stress or reduce its impact through direct actions
Emotion-focused coping
a. Coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor
Social psychology
a. The scientific study of how a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined,
or implied presence of others
Social influence
a. The process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the
thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual
Conformity
a. Changing one’s own behavior to match that of other people
Social facilitation
a. The tendency for the presence of other people to have a positive impact on the performance of an easy task
Social impairment
a. The tendency for the presence of other people to have a negative impact on the performance of a difficult
task
Social loafing
a. The tendency for people to put less effort into a simple task when working with others on that task
Cognitive dissonance
a. Sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to that person’s
attitudes
Attribution
a. The process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others
Attribution theory
a. The theory of how people make attributions
Situational cause
a. Cause of behavior attributed to external factors, such as delays, the action of others, or some other aspect of
the situation
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Dispositional cause
a. Cause of behavior attributed to internal factors such as personality or character
Fundamental attribution error (actor-observer bias)
a. The tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors in determining behavior while
underestimating situation factors
Discrimination
a. Treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong
In-groups
a. Social groups with whom a person identifies (“us”)
Out-groups
a. Social groups with whom a person does not identify (“them”)
Realistic conflict theory
a. Theory stating that prejudice and discrimination will be increased between groups that are in conflict over a
limited resource
Social cognitive
a. Referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world
Social identity theory
a. Theory in which the formation of a person’s identity within a particular social group is explained by social
categorization, social identity, and social comparison
Social identity
a. The part of the self-concept including one’s view of self as a member of a particular social category
Social comparison
a. The comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one’s self-esteem
Stereotype vulnerability
a. The effect that people’s awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior
Self-fulfilling prophecy
a. The tendency of one’s expectations to affect one’s behavior in such a way as to make the expectations more
likely to occur
Bystander effect
a. Referring to the effect that the presence of other people has on the decision to help or not help, with help
becoming less likely as the number of bystanders increases
Diffusion of responsibility
a. Occurring when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of
other people who are seen to share the responsibility
Personality
a. The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave
Character
a. Value judgments of a person’s moral and ethical behavior
Temperament
a. The enduring characteristics with which each person is born
Unconscious mind
a. Level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily
or voluntarily brought into consciousness
Id
a. Part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious
Pleasure principle
a. Principle by which the id functions
b. The immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences
Ego
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a. Part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and
logical
Reality principle
a. Principle by which the ego functions
b. The satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result
Superego
a. Part of the personality that acts as a moral center
Conscience
a. Part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how acceptable behavior is
Oedipus complex
a. Situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-gender
parent and jealousy of the same-gender parent
Identification
a. Defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety
Latency
a. Fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while
the child develops in other ways
Reciprocal determinism
a. Bandura’s explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact
to determine future behavior
Self-efficacy
a. Individual’s expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular
circumstance
Biological model
a. Model of explaining behavior as caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems
of the body
Acrophobia
a. Fear of heights
Agoraphobia
a. Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible
Panic attack
a. Sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that
one is dying
Panic disorder
a. Disorder in which panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily
life
Panic disorder with agoraphobia
a. Fear of leaving one’s familiar surroundings because one might have a panic attack in public
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
a. Disorder in which intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety that is relived by performing a
repetitive, ritualistic behavior (compulsion)
Generalized anxiety disorder
a. Disorder in which a person has feelings of dread and impending doom along with physical symptoms of
stress, which lasts six months or more
Dissociative fugue
a. Traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia for the trip and possible amnesia for personal
information
Dissociative identity disorder
a. Disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body
Manic
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a. Having the quality of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability
Bipolar disorder
a. Severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes
Flat affect
a. A lack of emotional responsiveness
Disorganized
a. Type of schizophrenia in which behavior is bizarre and childish and thinking, speech, and motor actions are
very disordered
Catatonic
a. Type of schizophrenia in which the person experiences periods of statue-like immobility mixed with
occasional bursts of energetic, frantic movement, and talking
Paranoid
a. Type of schizophrenia in which the person suffers from delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy,
together with hallucinations
Positive symptoms
a. Symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior
b. Hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking
Negative symptoms
a. Symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior
b. Poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production
Psychoanalysis
a. An insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts
Manifest content
a. The actual content of one’s dream
Latent content
a. The symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams
Free association
a. Psychoanalytic technique in which a patient was encouraged to talk about anything that came to mind
without fear of negative evaluations
Systematic desensitization
a. Behavior technique used to treat phobias, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and
taught to relax while concentrating on those fears
Aversion therapy
a. Form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce
the frequency of the behavior
Flooding
a. Technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely
exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape
response
Modeling
a. Learning through the observation and imitation of others
Participant modeling
a. Technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step-by-step, gradual process while the
client is encouraged to imitate the model
Extinction
a. The removal of a reinforce to reduce the frequency of a behavior
Time-out
a. An extinction process in which a person is removed from the situation that provides reinforcement for
undesirable behavior, usually by being placed in a quiet corner or room away from possible attention and
reinforcement opportunities
Final Exam Study Guide
PSY-110-130
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Cognitive therapy
a. Therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distorted,
unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts
Arbitrary inference
a. Distortion of thinking in which a person draws a conclusion that is not based on any evidence
Selective thinking
a. Distortion of thinking in which a person focuses on only one aspect of a situation while ignoring all other
relevant aspects
Overgeneralization
a. Distortion of thinking in which a person draws sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event
and applies those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original
Magnification and minimization
a. Distortions of thinking in which a person blows a negative event out of proportion to its importance
(magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimization)
Personalization
a. Distortion of thinking in which a person takes responsibility or blame for events that are unconnected to the
person
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
a. Action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally
and logically
Therapeutic alliance
a. The relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm, caring, accepting relationship
characterized by empathy, mutual respect, and understanding