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
The factors that direct
and energize the behavior
of humans and other
organisms

Instincts
◦ Inborn patterns of
behavior that are
biologically determined
rather than learned

When people lack some
basic biological
requirement such as
water, a drive to obtain
that requirement is
produced

Drive
◦ Motivational tension, or
arousal, that energizes
behavior in order to fulfill
some need

Primary drive
◦ Basic drives related to
biological needs of the body
or the species as a whole

Secondary drives
◦ Needs are brought about by
prior experience and
learning

Homeostasis
◦ A basic motivational phenomena that underlies primary
drives and involves the body’s tendency to maintain a
steady internal state

Arousal Approaches to
Motivation
◦ We try to maintain a
certain level of stimulation
and activity, increasing or
reducing them as
necessary

Incentive approaches to
motivation
◦ Suggests that motivation
stems from the desire to
obtain valued external
goals, or incentives


Suggest that motivation is a
product of people’s thoughts,
expectations, and goals
Intrinsic motivation
◦ Causes us to participate in an
activity for our own enjoyment

Extrinsic motivation
– Causes us to do something for
some concrete, tangible reward
Self
Actualization
Esteem
Love and Belongingness
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs

Self-actualization
◦ State of self-fulfillment in
which people realize their
highest potential in their
own unique way

Obesity
◦ Body weight that is more
than 20% above the
average weight for a
person of a given height


Hypothalamus
Weight set point
◦ The particular level of
weight that the body
strives to maintain

Metabolism
◦ The rate at which food is
converted to energy and
expended by the body as
destined through heredity

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
External social factors, based
on societal rules and
conventions and on what we
have learned about
appropriate eating behavior
Associations of food with
comfort and consolation via
classical and operant
conditioning
Escape from unpleasant
thoughts

Settling point
◦ Determined by a
combination of our
genetic heritage and the
nature of the environment
in which we live

Anorexia nervosa
◦ A severe eating disorder in
which people may refuse to
eat, while denying that their
behavior and appearance are
unusual

Bulimia
◦ A disorder in which a person
binges on large quantities of
food, and then purges