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Organic Compounds
• What do you think of when you hear the term
organic?
• What are the 4 major groupings of Organic
compounds?
• What compounds composes each group?
• What are the major functions of each group?
Organic Compounds
• What do you think of when you hear the
term organic?
• Varies but probably produce that is grown
without fertilizers or pesticides. Carbon
containing, from living organism.
• What are the 4 major groupings of Organic
compounds of the human body?
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
Organic Compounds
• Carbohydrates (Breads,
Rice, Starch, Grains)
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Saccharides, di-poly
Immediate energy
Make up most of your diet
Simple sugars
• Lipids (Lipids, Butter,
Fats, fat tissue)
– 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids
– Stored reserve energy
– Phospholipids make up cell
membrane
• Proteins (Muscles)
– Amino Acids (peptide
bond) alkyl, organic alchol,
amine
– Growth, maintenance and
repair
• Nucleic Acids
– Nucleotide-Phosphate, 5carbon sugar and N base
– Carry the genetic code of
life
Normal Cell
Cell with Chromatids
Sex Cell
Sex Cell (Nondisjuction)
Autosomal Cell (S-1, G2)
Sex cell 1/2 done
What do you see?
B
A
E
C
D
G
F
Meiosis I Reduction
Meiosis II Equilateral
Growth and Development
Oogensis
Primary Oocyte (2n)
Meiosis I Reduction
Secondary
Oocyte (n)
Polar Body (n)
Meiosis II Equilateral
Polar Bodies (n)
Ootid (n)
Growth and Development
Ovum (n)
Meiosis I Reduction
Meiosis II Equilaterial
Growth and development
Spermatogensis
Primary Spermatocyte (2n)
Meiosis I Reduction
Secondary Spermatocytes
(n)
Meiosis II Equilaterial
Spermatids (n)
Growth and development
Spermatozoans (n)
Nucleic Acids
History
Structure
Replication
Protein Synthesis
Mutations
History DNA Structure
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Gregor Mendel-Factors carried genetic information
Walter Sutton-Factors are carried on chromosomes
Thomas Morgan-Genes are found on chromosomes
Friederich Meischler -found in nuclein (chromatin) white blood cells
Frank Griffith-Classic Experiment, transformation
Margaret Chase, Alfred Hershey, bacteriophages reproduction
Avery, Macleod, McCarty duplicated and explained Griffith
experiment
Wendel Stanley-Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Phoebe Levine-Material that composed DNA
Erwin Chargaff-N bases that combined, C-G, A-T
Maurice Wilkins,Rosalind Franklin-Picture (X-ray diffraction) of
DNA
Linus Pauling-Worked on proteins
James Watson, Francis Crick-suggested the double helix structure for
DNA
Structure
• Website: check favorites
http://www.umass.edu/molvis/bme3d/materials/jta
t_080510/exploringdna/ch_struct/chapter.htm
• Nucleotides
– Sugar
• Deoxyribose(DNA)
• Ribose(RNA)
– Phosphoric Acid, Phosphate
– Nitrogen Bases A=T(DNA), U(RNA); C=G, Hydrogen Bond
• Purines-double ring
– Adenine, Guanine
• Pyrimidines-single ring
– Thymine(DNA), Cytosine, Urasil(RNA)
• Ladder shape, twisted Double Helix
– Sides are composed of phosphates and 5 C sugars.
– Steps or rungs are composed of N bases
What are the complimentary bases for this strand of DNA.
A-T-G-C-C-G-T-T-A-G-C-T-A-C-T-A-A-T-C-G-C-T-T-A-T-C-G
DNA RNA
• Deoxyribonucleic
Acid
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Double strand
Thymine
Deoxyribose
Nuclear location
3 types R, L, Twisted
• Ribonucleic Acid
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Single
Urasil
Ribose
Found anywhere in cell
4 type mRNA, tRNA,
rRNA
What are the Major Differences in
DNA and RNA?
• 5 carbon sugar
• Nitrogen bases
• Location
• Strands
DNA Replication
• DNA copies the information on the strand and
makes an exact copy.
• C-G-T-A-G-G-A-T-C-C-G
• G-C-A-T-C-C-T-A-G-G-C
• Procedure
– Weak chemical bonds break
– DNA splits into separate strands
– Enzymes cause free-floating nucleotides to form
complimentary templates
– Enzymes link the free-floating nucleotides into a long
strand
– Two identical strands of DNA now exist
Quick review
• What is the basic functional unit of DNA?
• What three things makeup this functional
unit?
• What is the complimentary code for:
• AAT GGC ATC GCA TTA GTC TTA
Proteins
• Everything you do is related to chemistry.
Growth, maintenance, repair.
• Break down or make substances-Lactase-lactose,
amylase-starches, lipase-lipids, sucrase-sucrose,
• Proteins have a specific job in your body, ex
Hemoglobin, HGH
• Polymerase in DNA
• Makes Buffers for Acids and Bases
Importance of DNA / Protein
• Holds the Blueprint of LIFE or Genetic
Blue Print of your life.
• Instructs cells HOW to produce proteins
(compounds) in certain situations. Proteins
are used for:
– Chemical reactions
– Structures
– Enzymes, Catalyses
Protein Synthesis
• The DNA unzips(H bonds
break between N bases) in
a spot that produces a
certain protein.
• Transcription-mRNA
copies the chemical
message on the coding
strand of the DNA
• The strands of mRNA
then go out to cytoplasm.
There is more than one
copy of the DNA message
• The tRNA is coupling to
Amino Acids(19), codon
3 N-base sequence in
mRNA, anti-codon is the
1
7
6
2
5
3
4
1.Amino Acid
7.tRNA
6.mRNA
2.Amino Acid Chain
5.Ribosome
3.AntiCodon
4.Codon
Protein Synthesis
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A-DNA
B-mRNA (Transcription)
C-mRNA cytoplasm
D-Amino Acid
E-tRNA with AA
F-Ribosome
G-Protein
H-Translation
I-Anticodon
J-Codon
K-Cytolasm
DNA->RNA->Protein
• A-T-G-C-C-G-T-T-A-G-C-T-A-C-T-A-A-T
• UAC GGC AAU CGA UGA UUA
• AUG CCG UUA GCU ACU AAU
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How to Find the Amino Acid
• Check on the chart or tool to see if it is
DNA, Codons, or Anticodons.
• Circular
– Center is where you will find the first N-base
– Then go out to the next level for that N-base.
In that Quarter of the pie.
– Follow the 1/8 pie to the crust for the last Nbase and that is the Amino Acid
What Amino Acids
form from
AAU GGC UAC GGA
What Amino acid is coded for
with a Nitrogen sequence of:
AAT GAT CCG TTA CCA
How to find the Amino Acid
• Rectangle
• Usually the left side is for the first N-base.
When that is located this is the row it will
be in.
• Next N-base is usually across the top, this
will further narrow the search to the square.
• The last N-base is across the right edge to
tell you what N-base you have.
Why is protein synthesis so
important?
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Protein Synthesis or importance of a
single Protein in your own words.
Mutant or Not
Hero
Poison Ivy
Powder Puff Girls
Wolverine
Superman
The Hulk
Batman
Blinky (Simpsons)
Wonder Woman
Mutant
Not
Cause of Mutations
• Mutagens-agents in the environment that are
known to cause changes in the DNA.(nicotine,
asbestos, virus, radiation, UV), A test for
mutagenic properties is an Ames test.
• Nondisjunction is when chromosome fail to
separate during either the first or second meiosis.
• Translocation is where a broken piece of
chromosome is reattaches to a nonhomologous
chromosome
• Genetic predisposition to mutate
Mutations
• Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence
• Germ cell mutation is a mutation that is
passed on to the offspring.
• Somatic cell mutation is a mutation in body
or somatic cells
• Lethal mutation is a mutation that causes
death
• Cancer cells growing out of control
Importance of Mutation
• Usually a mutant is thought of as something
bad, unless it is a Teenage Mutant Ninja
Turtle.
• Think about how organisms change and the
variation within a population. Go back to
the “Black Death” in Europe. How or why
did certain people survive?
Types of DNA Mutations
AUG-CGA-UUG
• Point mutation is a substitution of a single
nitrogen base in the DNA. AUG-CGAAUG
• Frame shift mutation is an insertion,
deletion, inversion
• AUG-GCG-AUU-G insertion
• AUG-GAU-UG- deletion
• AUG-AGC-GAU-U inversion
Chromosomal Mutations
ABCDEFG
• Deletion-a section of a chromosome is removed
ABDEFG
• Insertion-a section of a chromosome is added
AFEDCBG
• Translocation- a section of one chromosome is
added or removed from another
• ABCABCDEFG
• Inversion-a section of a chromosome is switched
in sequence