Download AP Bio Summer Study Study Sheet

AP Bio Summer Study Study Sheet
Campbell Textbook Chapter Objectives
The Summer Study Test will be based on the Biozone Books, Not These Objectives; These
Objectives are only provided as an aid to study.
Ch. 26-28
1. Explain why it is unlikely that spontaneous generation occurs on earth today. Explain why it is believed to have
been possible on the early earth, and how time is important to the concept.
2. By tracing the steps from a reducing atmosphere to the first cells, explain how life may have originated on earth.
What types of energy were available to the process?
3. Explain the coevolution of proteins and nucleic acids.
4. Discuss the evolution of metabolism, including fermentation, photosynthesis, and aerobic respiration. How has
each impacted the world?
5. How have mass extinctions been important in the evolution of life.
6. Explain the Cambrian Explosion, and the factors that led to its occurrence.
7. Distinguish between the archaeobacteria and eubacteria. Use the Prokaryote Taxonomy Sheet for more
information.
8. Summarize the ecological impact of prokaryotes, including their roles in food production, nitrogen fixation,
nitrification, decomposition, and algal blooms.
9. List the 3 main shapes of bacteria; give their Latin names.
10. Explain the supporting evidence for the endosymbiont theory of the origin of mitochondria and plastids.
11. State the criteria for placing organisms in the kingdom Protista.
12. List or recognize distinguishing characteristics of members of the major phyla of protists: Diplomonads,
Parabasalids, Euglenozoans, Alveolates (dinoflagellates and apicomplexans), Ciliates, Stramenophiles
(diatoms, golden algae, brown algae), Cercozoans, Amoebozoans, Red Algae and Green Algae. Give specific
examples of organisms in each group, when appropriate. Use the Protista Taxonomy Sheet or your textbook for
more information.
Ch. 29-30
1. Explain how an aquatic environment and a terrestrial environment provide different obstacles for early plants.
What adaptations would algae have evolved to move onto land?
2. Explain the evidence for why the green algae (Charophyceans) are believed to be the ancestors of green plants.
3. Explain how bryophytes are adapted to life on land. What adaptations restrict their movement into drier areas?
4. Trace the evolutionary advances shown by lycophytes, pterophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
5. Explain the alternation of generations strategy of plant reproduction, using the following terms: diploid, haploid,
spore, gametophyte, gamete, zygote, embryo, sporophyte, meiosis, fertilization.
6. Explain the shift in life cycle dominant from gametophyte in the primitive plants to sporophytes in the advanced
plants.
7. (Use the Plant Taxonomy Sheet as a reference to answer these objectives.)
Ch. 31
1. Explain the fungal body plan. List at least 3 ways in which fungi may spread.
2. List and distinguish the four divisions of fungi. How are their sexual reproduction modes different?
3. State the division to which of the following common fungi belong: Rhizopus, yeast, Penicillium, Neurospora,
mushrooms, bracket fungi, yeast.
4. Explain how fungi are ecologically important to earth.
5. Explain how mycorrhizae are important to life on earth.
6. (Use the Fungus Taxonomy Sheet for more information.)
Ch. 32-34
1. Identify the defining characteristics of members of the animal phyla Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes,
Nematoda, Arthropoda, Molluska, Annelida, Echinodermata, and Chordata.
2. Explain how the following animal features are adaptive: motile as well as sessile stages of the life cycle; larval
stage; radial symmetry; bilateral symmetry; cephalization; coelom; internal digestive cavity.
3. Name the 3 germ layers, outline their general fate during embryonic development, and name the two major
AP Bio Summer Study Study Sheet
Campbell Textbook Chapter Objectives
The Summer Study Test will be based on the Biozone Books, Not These Objectives; These
Objectives are only provided as an aid to study.
animal phyla whose members do not have 3 germ layers.
4. Explain the success of the mollusks, arthropods,and chordates.
5. Name, describe, and give examples of the subdivisions of mollusks and arthropods.
6. Describe the adaptations of insects to a terrestrial way of life.
7. Describe the defining characteristics and evolutionary order of the following groups of vertebrates: jawless fish,
Chondrichthyes, actinopterygians, amphibians, reptiles, turtles, diapsids, birds, mammals.
8. Explain how a 4-fold increase in genes in the vertebrate lineage allowed them to grow to their enormous size.
9. Explain the differing selective pressures between an aquatic environment and a terrestrial environment.
10. Outline human evolution.
11. (Use the animal taxonomy sheets for more information: Animals, Arthropods, Craniates, as well as the The
Shape of Life Zoology Study.)
Ch. 50 Objectives
1. Name the global factors that determine the distribution of the biomes on earth.
2. Explain the main factors that can induce rainfall. Relate this to why deserts are found between 20° and 30° N and
S of the equator, why rain shadows form on one side of a mountain range, and why rainfall is usually higher on
the west side of a continent.
3. Explain why widely separated areas with similar climate usually contain species with similar adaptations.
4. For each of the following biomes, state the environmental conditions that determine them, and list the type(s) of
plants characteristic of each: tropical rain forest, tropical savanna, desert, temperate forest, temperate shrubland,
temperate grassland, taiga, tundra.
5. In terms of dissolved oxygen, organismal load, and determining factors, describe the differences between
oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes. Explain what causes lake turnovers two times per year in temperate regions.
6. In terms of water and nutrients, explain the ecological importance of wetlands.
7. List the different types of intertidal habitat and the types of organisms found in each.
8. Explain the conditions under which a coral reef may form.
9. List the main factors that determine the distribution of ocean communities
10. List and describe the different coastal ocean communites.
Ch. 52-53 Objectives
1. Explain the difference between habitat and niche.
2. Explain how population density, dispersion, life history, and demography are related to and different from each
other.
3. Draw a graph showing exponential growth, and another graph showing logistic growth. Explain what types of
organisms are described by each. Explain each type of population growth.
4. Explain biotic potential and the factors that determine it. Explain the difference between r- and K-selected
species.
5. Explain how a population age structure in a growing population differs from one in a stable population.
6. Draw a graph representing the Type I, II, and III survivorship curves. Explain the type of organisms that are
represented by each, and why.
7. Explain the difference between density-dependent and density-independent mortality factors, and give an
example of each. Explain how each limits the size of a natural population.
8. Describe human population growth from prehistory to present.
9. Explain the factors that lead to the extinction of a species, and which types of species are most vulnerable to
extinction.
10. Explain the factors that affect the diversity index of a community, including habitat, physical structure,
competition, predation, etc...
11. Explain how species diversity is related to the size and degree of isolation of a community.
12. Explain what plant secondary compounds are, and what the advantages and disadvantages are to the plants that
produce them.
AP Bio Summer Study Study Sheet
Campbell Textbook Chapter Objectives
The Summer Study Test will be based on the Biozone Books, Not These Objectives; These
Objectives are only provided as an aid to study.
13. Explain how aposematic coloration, Mullerian mimicry, and Batesian mimicry confer protection on their
owners.
14. Explain the main differences between Batesian and Mullerian mimicry. Explain how a Batesian mimic is a
parasite of its model species.
15. List the main principles of camouflage, using a white-tailed deer as an expample.
16. Explain how behavior is related to coloration in the survival strategy of an animal species.
17. Explain how to determine whether an animal's coloration indicates cryptic, aposematic, Batesian model,
Batesian mimic, or Mullerian mimicry.
18. Explain how you would design and carry out an experiment to show that a particular physical or chemical
characteristic of a plant may function as a feeding attractant, egg-laying stimulus, or repellant for herbivores;
describe such an experiment that has already been done.
19. Describe the mutualistic relationship of acacias and the ants that live on them.
Ch. 54-55
1. Outline how energy flows through an ecosystem and explain the energy loss that occurs in transfer between
organisms.
2. Explain the difference between gross primary productivity, net primary productivity, and respiration. .
3. Explain the biogeochemical cycles: carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Which are atmospheric and which
are sedimentary?.
4. Define and explain why succession occurs. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession.
5. Explain how the development of agriculture and the industrial revolution have affected the biosphere.
6. Explain the global issues of acid rain, global warming, and stratospheric ozone depletion.
7. Explain the different types of biodiversity and the global threats to biodiversity.
8. Explain the factors that lead to a species becoming endangered.
9. Explain how population conservation and community conservation are different.
10. What are alien species and how have they contributed to the global biodiversity crisis?