Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download • 3500 BCE – 600 CE • 3500 BCE: 1st 4 River Civilizations to the
Document related concepts
Transcript
• 3500 BCE – 600 CE • 3500 BCE: 1st 4 River Civilizations to the end of Classical Civilizations 600 CE Very important chapters with what you should know in these VIC: Chapter 5: Rome and China compared Chapter 6: Know Hinduism Chapter 7: Important trade routes compared & effects of these trade routes ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ River valleys w/ fertile soil –called “L____)? Complex irrigation systems & bureaucracies to oversee them Complex political systems & legal codes ( Hammurabi) Technology: writing (exc in Americas), metallurgy, pottery, calendars, engineering Class systems Long-‐distance trade ==all linked directly or indirectly by trade/religion/war/ interaction ==cultures of Americas stay isolated until 1492 ¡ Mesopotamia ¡ Egypt ¡ Indus ¡ Shang ¡ Olmec & Chavin in SA ¡ Called “cultural hearths” Chaotic flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates = need to control & dev systems Dev of the wheel Maritime tech More adv mathematics than Egyptians (12 & 60 units) Secular king (“lugal”) Ex: Sargon the Great, Hammurabi Region called Fertile Crescent 1st domestication of crops & City-states: Ur, animals Babylon, Akkad, Kish, Eridu, Uruk Religion: high status, ziggurats 1st written law code: Hammurabi’s Code 1st writing dev by Sumerians Well-developed (cuneiform)-Semitic trade language; Epic of Gilgamesh Mesopotamia: names Sumer – not unified Akkadia empire Babylonia Hittite Assyrian Empire ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Geographic influences? Nile & flooding Desert Gold, semi-‐precious stones Religion: Deities assoc w/ agriculture/fertility Mummification, pyramids Ma’at = divine justice Nature of its govt? Pharaoh: divine-‐kingship Bureaucracy-‐highly centralized, Memphis, Thebes Nature of Egyptian society? Not as hierarchical as Meso Slavery – limited Status of women higher in E ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ What technology did they have? Nilometer Irrigation Architecture: masonry Math Art: pottery, painting, jewelry Writing & papyrus Solar calendar ¡ ¡ Nature of their trade & economy? Agricultural then specialized crafts: textiles, leather goods, weapons Bronze Maritime tech Regional trade-‐ Meso as well as Punt (Africa) for myrrh, frankincense ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Technology? Cities: Mohenjo-‐Daro, Harappa Writing: undeciphered-‐seals Building tech-‐standardization ¡ ¡ Political dev? Well-‐organized govt: based on sophisticated sewers, uniform construction-‐grid pattern ¡ ¡ ¡ Trade? Agriculture, cotton, animals Cities were major trade centers Regional trade; jade from China ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Geographic influences? Indus River Monsoonal rains & 2 floods/ year=2 crops ¡ ¡ ¡ Society Less known Hierarchical: wealthy, priestly class ¡ ¡ End of civ? No sign of invasion ‘Systems failure” – breakdown of all pol/eco/social systems OR Flood? Climate change? ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Movement from central Africa –south and south east Approx 2000 BCE Why important?? Spread agricultural practices & herding to people who previously were foragers ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Geography Northern plains-‐1st civ Yellow River (Huang He)-‐flooding & loess-‐soft, wooden farming tools, earthquake prone millet & wheat – staple crops in north Rice – in south-‐required great outlay of labor-‐ has more calories ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Govt? Cities, surrounded by earthen walls, aligned NSEW-‐feng shui Feudalism: king and his vassals-‐gave him tribute Military aristocracy Tech &Society? Dev independent of other civs Flood controls-‐irrigation, dikes Metallurgy (esp bronze vessels), silk, jade Writing: oracle bones Women: had more status than later times TRADE: continuity in Chinese society ¡ ¡ ¡ Olmec: San Lorenzo, L Venta, Tres Zapotes = names of the urban centers, massive platform centers of city-‐ suggests corvee labor-‐ religious centers ¡ ¡ ¡ Elaborate rituals (ball game= olmec -‐ rubber) polytheistic, shamans used astronomy to plan cities ¡ Dev independent of civs in Eastern Hemisphere ¡ ¡ Writing: glyphs Not a unified empire Trade: obsidian, jade, textiles No domestic beasts of burden to haul goods but had turkeys & dogs Organized agriculture (crops very different from EH ones) & limited trade Specialized technology dev b/c of environmental –CONTINUITY difficulties-‐drainage systems, no need for irrigation South America: only early civ that did NOT develop in a river valley ¡ Difficult environment for farming-‐adaptation to this is key feature of Andean civs. CONTINUITY ¡ Shared labor responsibilities: agriculture (maize, quinoa) , roads, irrigation systems (precursor to Incan mit’a – later corrupted mita ¡ Use of llamas to move trade goods ¡ Ist use of metals, textiles, pottery – animal motifs (jaguar) ¡ Classes of society END OF EARLY RIVER VALLEY CIV slides ¡ Same ¡ Technology developed for agriculture, public bldgs, infrastructure ¡ Hierarchical society: kingly class, priestly class ¡ Polytheistic ¡ Free peasants ¡ Corvee labor ¡ Slavery Different Eastern Hemisphere: more diversity in domesticate animals & plants Denser population More long-‐distance trade More extensive cultural diffusion Western Hemisphere: ISOLATION, no cultural diffusion ¡ Cosmopolitan ¡ Extensive trade and diplomatic contacts ¡ Mesopotamia, Assyria, NK Egypt ¡ Assyria: 1st empire – conquered outlying states to enrich itself ¡ Superior military technology ¡ Iron weapons ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Ethical monotheism-‐1st Located at a crossroads Monarchy: King David, son Women: marriage as an impt economic relationship; respected Diaspora: scattering of Jews as Israel was conquered-‐sharpened Jewish identity ¡ Small city states (ex: Tyre) ¡ Traders in Med Sea-‐overseas colonies ¡ Alphabet w/ symbols ¡ Expansion thru colonies – esp western Med ¡ Carthage – large, cosmopolitan city -‐ *naval power, used mercenaries Achaemenid dynasty -‐Cyrus, Cambyses, Darius, Xerxes Patriarchal: warriors, priests, peasants Empire divided into 20 provinces (satraps)-‐ Royal roads, codified laws – created uniformity Persepolis – ceremonial capital Zoroastrianism – Ahuramazda – duality, 1 deity, good vs evil *Turning point in economic history in western Asia— fostered uniform laws, stability ¡ Key ideas ¡ ¡ Mandate of Heaven-‐impt event throughout Ch’s history As long as rulers were fair = consent to govern from gods; otherwise loss of mandate = dynastic cycles ¡ ¡ Large-‐scale public works Professional bureaucrats-‐ran empire-‐forerunners to scholarly class ¡ Social classes: elite, craftsmen, merchants, peasants, some slaves ¡ Established long-‐term Chinese customs of govt & society • Political fragmentation & wars – end of Ch civ?? • Adopted idea of mounted soldiers from steppe nomads • Use of iron now – weapons New political philosophies emerged as a solution to chaos: Legalism, Daoism, Confucianism ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Confucius: 500 BCE Ren – “benevolence” Morality Reciprocity Patriarchy, subordination of women Obedience Became core of educational system: The Analects Mandate of Heaven based on C ¡ ¡ ¡ Legalism : Shi Huang Di Authoritarian rule Harsh, pessimistic view of human behavior ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Daoism: Lao Tzu 500 BCE Dualism in nature Follow the Dao (“path”) Passivity (wuwei), yin yang ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Shih Huangdi-‐unified China Used Legalism, w/ Li SI , his PM-‐ totalitarian govt Book burning-‐anti-‐Confucian Abolished slavery to increase tax paying farmers-‐free peasants Abolished primogeniture to break up aristocratic farms Ist census established –Dominant ethnic group: the Han Abolished slavery -‐-‐why?? Standardization: helped to unify the state-‐weights, coins, writing, law, roads ¡ ¡ ¡ Corvee labor system to accomplish public works (ex Great Wall, canals-‐to transport crops from south to north) Mandatory army service Expansion into agricultural areas ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Confucianism very impt again: family, concept of unit not individual, education, morality, obedience to authority Women: the “3 submissions” Ruled w/ combo of Confucianism+Legalism Expansion west, south, north – esp to control SR (see map page140)—trade & the Silk Road Able bureaucracy – Confucian scholar gentry class ***Technology: very developed: steel, crossbow, wheel barrow, horse collar, watermill, paper, network of roads Silk – most impt export – state monopoly and secret Problems with nomadic people – huge military costs to defend border Corruption, peasant uprisings, spread of banditry -‐ collapse ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ MAURYA: 324-‐184 BCE: Ist empire Chandragupta-‐king Autocratic control – mandala politics; high taxes Standardization of coins, roads ¡ ¡ ¡ Ashoka: Grandson of Chandragupta 269-‐232 BCE was brutal conqueror Converted to Buddhism Edicts of Ashoka: B ideas ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ GUPTA: 400s CE Copied Maurya but were Hindu emperors Money from trade, high taxes, and state monopolies—w/ Rome & China “Theater-‐state” approach to neighbors & subjects – dazzle them Religious tolerance of Buddhism ¡ ¡ ¡ Decline in status of women – Intellectual contributions in medicine, math Collapse from Huns ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Minoan culture – 1st in Europe Mycenean Age The Dark Ages Rise of city-‐states (polis) Various forms: ex Sparta or Athens? Colonization of Med ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Conflict w/ Persia Outcome? Peloponnesian War? Outcome? Alexander the Great & Hellenization Technology: maritime trade, not overland Individualism & rational explanation for phenomena Intellectual contributions? ¡ ¡ ¡ Rapid expansion & conquests -‐ militant Establishment of Republic Decay of Republic – civil war ¡ ¡ Establishment of the Empire (Principate) Pax Romana: citizenship extended, trade ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Crisis of the 3rd Century-‐ military leaders Diocletian: division of empire into 2 halves Constantine: 1st Christian emperor Constantinople new capital – power base now in the eastern half of the empire Fall of Rome (western half) in 476 CE b/c of Germanic tribes Eastern half became the Byzantine Empire and remained intact until 1492 CE ¡ ¡ ¡ Patriarchal ¡ Agrarian-‐based economies ¡ Complex govt: able bureaucracies ¡ Cities modeled on capital city ¡ Trade: land & sea & expansionist ¡ Engineering: roads, canals, aqueducts, defensive walls, military tech ¡ ¡ Aryan invasions – led to Vedic tradition which led to Hinduism – oldest of belief systems Caste system (varnas): Brahmas, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra & Untouchables § Jati = caste § Karma § Reincarnation ¡ ¡ Jainism & Buddhism: challenges to Vedic tradition Hinduism evolved from Vedic trad. ¡ Is explanation for unity in India ¡ 1000s deities: Vishnu, Shiva, Devi, Krishna ¡ Temples ¡ Pilgrimages-‐unifying force ¡ Ganges River-‐considered a deity ¡ Castes: Brahmins on top to Untouchables-‐ rigid hierarchy ¡ Reincarnation until moksha ¡ Role of women: patriarchal; sati Arose as a challenge to Hinduism – along w/ Jainism Challenged Brahmin power & privilege-‐caste system ¡ Taught moksha – liberation from reincarnation. “Wheel of the Law” – his 1st sermon Middle Path – way to moksha 4 Noble Truths, follow the 8 Fold Path Reward: nirvana – release Spread to CA, China, Japan, Korea, SE Asia Role of women: could serve as nuns; welcomed ¡ ¡ Mahayana (“Great Vehicle”) Monasteries, nuns, monks, statues – Stupas – worship sites Bodhisattvas – people who reached enlightenment but chose to help others Theravada Keep to the original teachings of Buddha More austere ¡ ¡ ¡ 10C0mmandments: moral code for humans & how to relate to God Sense of being different/separate No attempts to convert Christianity ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Derived from Judaism Jesus of Nazareth, founder Roman Empire control Appeal to ordinary people (like Buddhism) Conversion by missionaries (apostles) Moral code Constantine – Roman emperor who converted in 4th c – Constantinople Role of women: could be nuns ; appealed to lower class women What spread b/c of trade?? ¡ Technology ¡ Religion ¡ Goods ¡ Ideas ¡ People…….. ¡ Silk Road China to the Med Stirrups & Buddhism/some Christianity Camel caravans Silk, Horses Entrepots ¡ Sub-‐Saharan Camels Connected African trade to E African coast & IO network ¡ Indian Ocean Trade Maritime 3 legs Cosmopolitan Lateen sail ¡ Saharan Fragmented Camels & saddles Gold, salt Connected Med trade to sub-‐Saharan ¡ 1st use approx 100 BCE: China to the Med ¡ Gen Zhang: made 18 expeditions on behalf of Emp Wu, Han emperor ¡ Brought back horses, wine grapes, alfalfa to China ¡ China traded silk, fruits, spices-‐built military garrisons to protect its portion ¡ Wealthy towns dev along the way – Samarkand, Bukhara (caravanserai) ¡ Human migration ¡ Technology transfer: chariots, bowmen on cavalry, stirrups – from Central Asia ¡ Spread of Buddhism – Faxian the monk – 5th century ¡ Cross fertilization ¡ Yet Rome and China never had direct contact with each other ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Phoenicians: spread out from eastern Mediterranean to esta colonies. Intro their alphabet (basis for alphabets of Greece/Rome and modern lang) & maritime skills Israelites: from Mesopotamia (Ur) to Canaan-‐ importance-‐ monotheistic; moral codes of living-‐ basis for later monotheistic religions Aryans: invaded Indian subcontinent; imposed caste system and became basis for Hinduism Huns: originated in C Asia; invaded Roman empire & contributed to its collapse Germanic tribes: from E Europe; same as above ¡ 1. Caste system ¡ 2. slave/serfdom systems: Greece, Rome, China 3. Confucian hierarchy:for govt (Mandate of Heaven; family; civil service exams ¡ 4. Patriarchal systems: Europe and Byz Empire ¡ 5. Pastoral/nomadic societies: clan, tribal-‐ inclusion of women in more activities ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Disruption of trade (esp in West) IO trade increased b/c of overland disruptions Disunity in ME allowed for emergence of a new religion (Islam) Post Han disunity – allowed for Buddhism to gain popularity ¡ Collapse of Rome –led to rise of Christianity & creation of Byz Emp
