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Quizlet Link:
http://quizlet.com/_sj53s
UNIT 2 – CLASSICAL
EMPIRES
Eastern India & China
Concept Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
What caused the classical empires to develop and
what effects did this development have on
civilization?
What were the major accomplishments of the
civilizations of India and China during the
“Classical Era”?
What are the historical origins and central beliefs
of Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism?
What factors contributed to the rise and fall of
empires and dynasties in the East?
Mauryan/Gupta Empires
India


Aryans from central Asia conquer the Dravidians and grow into an
empire as a response to Greek challenges
Mauryan Empire – golden age




Asoka




Chandragupta Maurya
Bureaucratic govt. – divided into provinces
Heavily taxed to pay for the large army
Chandragupta’s grandson
Bothered by mass death, converts to Buddhism
India falls into turmoil after his death
Gupta Empire


Reunites India after the fall of the Mauryan Empire
Expanded Indian empire
Indian Culture

Astronomy, Math and Medicine

Calendar based on the sun




Pi
Art



Poems & plays in Sanskrit
Murals and architecture
Classified diseases



7 day week
365 days
Surgeries
Inoculations
Effects of Indian Culture


Numeral system still used today
Caste system became the new social order
Hinduism





Dominant religion in India, over 4,000 yrs. Old
No direct trace to one founder, collection of ideas including
the idea of reincarnation brought with the early Aryans
Several religious texts, (Vedas, Upanishads)
Moksha – state of perfect understanding or the relationship
between atman (individual soul) and Brahman (world soul),
cannot be achieved in one lifetime
Karma – good or bad, follows you into the next life

Supports the caste system
No possibility of movement within this lifetime
 How does this work? Why would they follow it?

Buddhism


Developed as a response of the lower castes who resented
Hinduism inequality
Siddhartha Gautama (prince)




Self-sacrifice, Eight fold path (Middle Way)





Isolated to fulfill prophecy
No world experiences, saw religious life as the refuge from human
suffering
Wandered 6 years looking for enlightenment
Four Noble Truths
Middle of desire and self-denial
Nirvana
reincarnation
Not popular in India – spread to Central Asia through
missionaries and along the Silk Road
Zhou (Chou)Dynasty
Zhou Dynasty



Nobles rule through feudalism
Established Confucianism and Daoism
Mandate of Heaven
The gods gave the right to rule
 Bad things happened as a sign that ancestral spirits were
unhappy with the current ruler
 The leader must lead by ability and virtue
 The dynasty’s leadership must be justified by succeeding
generations
 The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse;
the will of the people was important

Chinese Philosophies
Confucianism (Confucius)






Developed as a response to social problems, later became the basis of the
Chinese govt. including civil service exams
five relationships Ruler/subject
 Father/son
 Husband/wife
 Older brother/younger brother
 Friend/friend
Filial piety – respect for parents and elders
Analects
Bureaucracy - trained civil service based on education
not a religion, an ethical system
Daoism



Laozi
search for knowledge and understanding of nature
 Universal force called the Dao
Students encouraged to pursue scientific studies
Qin Dynasty
Qin Dynasty

Shi Huangdi
 Autocracy
 Centralization
 Legalist
– uniform laws, currency, weights and measures
 Great Wall – work…or Die


Legalism – harsh laws to maintain order
Yin/Yang – feminine and masculine qualities,
natural rhythms of life
Han Dynasty
Han

Establishes a centralized govt.










Confucian principles
Complex bureaucracy with scholar leaders
Lowers taxes, softens harsh punishments
Brings peace and stability
Civil service exams
Created paper, ceramics, advanced silk weaving
Established Silk Road
One month of labor or military service each year
Built roads, canals, irrigation ditches, etc…
Family




Many children
Women treated well and influential, but subordinate to men
Arranged marriages
Wealthy sons could join the govt., daughters married wealthy
Silk Road

Stretched from China to Rome
Collapse of Han





Conquered people were encouraged to assimilate into Chinese culture



Govt. corruption and instability
Too large to govern effectively
Invasions (Mongolians)
Social inequality (rich/poor gap)
Agriculture is the most important job
Chinese farmers sent into newly colonized areas
Taxes paid by peasants and merchants

Poor inheritance laws



Forced division
High debts = loss of land = higher taxes
Peasant Revolts



Decline of morals/values
Unemployment and inflation
Decline of cities