Download Periodic Table of the Intoxicants

Periodic Table of the Intoxicants
At the heart of all rewarding experiences, whether natural or drug-induced, lies the brain neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine helps us attend to, learn, and then
predict rewards that are important for survival by enabling a very specific but crucial component of reward known as incentive salience. So dopamine is more a
chemical of "wanting" than it is "pleasure," or "liking." To create a full pleasurable experience, the brain uses chemicals besides dopamine such as glutamate, GABA,
endogenous opioids, and endocannabinoids. Nevertheless, certain drugs and behaviors are addictive because they cause inappropriately large and fast increases in
dopamine signaling that overwhelm the normal reward-learning process and give that drug or behavior greater value than more functional behaviors.
1
2
C
We can arrange all dopamine-releasing drugs and behaviors into a "Periodic Table" much the way chemists do with elements - by their class, structure, and properties.
The drugs and behaviors below are arranged by their categories (rows) and potency, abusability, or harm (left to right). A person with a problem with a drug or behavior
in one category may develop a problem with any of the other drugs or behaviors on the table. Use of that drug or behavior (or even exposure to associated stimuli) may
cause relapse to the original drug of choice. This is the phenomenon of cross-addiction.
ns*
Al
cocaine
3
CI
caffeine
6
CI
7
CI 8
CI
9
Cb Mj Ha Sp
cannabinol
17
THC
ns 18
hashish
otc 19
CI/ns 20
nitrous ox.
DXM
CV 32
salvinorin
thujone
CIII 21
CIV 33
ketamine
CIV 34
ns 10
CI 11
CI 12
CI 13
CI 14
otc*
CI 15
nicotine
CI 16
CI
Ab Ib Ms Ps 2c Dp Dt L
cannibicyclo
CI
22
No Dx Sa K Pc
31
ns 4
Cf N
ethanol
5
CII
CIV 36
ibogaine
CIV 24
mescaline
CIV 25
psilocybin
CII 26
DOC
CI 27
DPT
CI 28
DMT
CI 29
LSD
CI/II 30
CI/II
Ep Mo Ff Ri Kh Ba X A Me
phencycl.
CIV 35
otc* 23
ephedrine
CIV 37
CI/III 38
CI 39
CIV 40
CII 41
CIII 42
modafinil
CIV 43
phentermine methylphen.
CIV 44
CIV 45
cathinone
CIV 46
na
MDPV
47
MDMA
CIV 48
amphetam.
CIV 49
methamph.
CIV 50
CIV
Ly Sm Am So Lu Ch G Q Pb Sb Fb Cz Oz Tz Lz Rz Dz Hz Kz Xz
pregabalin carisoprodol
51
CIII* 52
zolpidem
ns 53
zaleplon
eszopiclone chl. hydrate
CIV 54 CIV/ns 55
ns 56
GHB
CIV 57
methaqual.
na
58
phenobarb. secobarbital
CII 59
CIII 60
butalbital
CIII 61
chlordiaz.
CII 62
oxazepam
CII 63
temazepam
CII 64
lorazepam
CI 65
flunitraz.
CI 66
diazepam
CII 67
triazolam
CII 68
clonazepam alprazolam
CII* 69
CII 70 CII(v)
Bu Na St Ul Kr Tw Dv O Co Vi Ox Dm M H Ko Di Op Md Fe Ca
buprenorph. nalbuphine butorphanol
71
tramadol
ns 72 ns/Rx 73 ns/Rx 74
mitragynine pentazocine propoxyph.
ns 75
ns 76
ns 77
opium
ns 78
codeine
hydrocod.
oxycodone
ns
An Po Ih Cl De Pe Ae Or
amyl nitrite
propofol
inhal. anes.
chloroform diethyl ether petrol gases
aerosols
meperidine
79
morphine
CIII 80
heroin
CIII 81
desomorph. hydromorph. oxymorph.
CIII 82
CIII 83
CIII 84
methadone
CIII 85
fentanyl
carfentanil
CIII 86 CIII(v) 87
CIII
Ts Bs Ds Ns Ss Os As Fs Hs
org solvents
testosterone boldenone
methandro.
nandrolone
stanozolol
oxymethol. oxandrolone trenbolone
fluoxymest.
Kevin T. McCauley, MD
Controlled Substances Act (1970) Schedules:
CI - drug has a high potential for abuse and dependency
and no accepted legitimate medical use; unsafe and illegal
for prescription, use, and/or possession
CII - drug has a high potential for abuse and dependency
but an accepted medical use; strictly restricted prescribing
and possession
CIII - drug has a significant potential for abuse and
dependency but accepted medical use; restrictions on
prescribing and possession
CIV - lower potential for abuse and dependency relative to
CIII; accepted medical use; prescribing and possession
restrictions apply
CV - lowest potential for abuse and dependency relative
to CIV; accepted medical use; restrictions apply
88
ns* 89
ns 90
ns 91
ns 92
ns 93
ns 94
ns 95
ns* 96
ns* 97
ns*
Mi Rl Cd Pf Sh Cu F Gm Sx Rg
media
relationships codepend. performance
shopping
cults
food/sugar
gambling
sex
product of The Institute for Addiction Study, copyright 2014
rage
ns - not scheduled
ns/Rx - not scheduled, prescription required
otc - available over the counter
(v) - veterinary use only
na - not available in the US
* additional legal restrictions apply (ex. age
of consumer, place of acquisition or
performance of behavior, limited quantities
for purchase, prescriber required to have
special certification, or the drug or behavior
involves additional criminal restrictions due
to risk of public harm)
SEDATIVE/HYPNOTIC
1.
Al
ethanol (beer, wine, distilled spirits)
MAJOR STIMULANT
2.
C
cocaine (cocaine salt/base, "crack")
MINOR STIMULANTS
3.
effects: incr concentration & heart rate, 4.
anxiety, decr fatigue
Cf
N
caffeine (coffee, tea, cola, chocolate)
nicotine (tobacco, Nicorette, E-cigs)
CANNABINOIDS
effects: decr anxiety, elevated mood,
analgesia, appetite stimulation,
sedation, paranoia, psychosis
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cb
Mj
Ha
Sp
cannabinol (CBN)
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabis
hashish (BHO: butane hash oil, "dabs")
cannabicyclohexanol ("Spice," "K2")
ENTHEOGENS
effects: perceptual & psychic distortions, euphoria, visual hallucinations,
heightened thought processes,
synesthesia, personally profound
mystical experiences
overdose: nausea, anxiety, panic
attacks, psychosis
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Ab
Ib
Ms
Ps
2c
Dp
Dt
L
thujone (wormwood, absinthe)
ibogaine (Tabernanthe iboga )
mescaline [Lophophora (peyote) cactus]
psilocybin (Psilocybe spp mushrooms)
2,5-dimethoxyl-4-chloroamphetamine (DOC)
N,N - dipropyltryptamine (DPT)
N,N - dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
lysergic acid diethyamide (LSD)
DISSOCIANTS
17.
effects: dissociative anesthesia,
18.
hallucinations, depersonalization
19.
overdose: psychotomimesis, agitation, 20.
delirium, psychosis, seizures, coma
21.
No
Dx
Sa
K
Pc
nitrous oxide (N2O, laughing gas, "whippets")
dextromethorphan (DXM, Robitussin)
salvinorin A (Salvia divinorum )
ketamine (Ketalar)
phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust, "sherm")
MAJOR STIMULANTS
effects: incr alertness, awareness,
locomotion, motivation, endurance;
incr heart rate & blood pressure;
euphoria, anorexia, sweating,
dilation of pupils & bronchioles
overdose: anxiety, insomnia, bruxism,
paranoia, hallucinations, delusions,
hyperpyrexia, cardiac arrest, stroke,
death
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Ep
Mo
Ff
Ri
Kh
Ba
X
A
Me
ephedrine (Ma huang)
modafinil (NuVigil)
phentermine (Phen-Fen)
methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta)
cathinone (khat )
methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
amphetamine (Dexedrine, Adderall, crank)
methamphetamine (Desoxyn, crystal meth)
SEDATIVE/HYPNOTICS
effects: relaxation, decr anxiety; sleep
induction; CNS depression; euphoria;
anticonvulsant, anesthesia;
decr inhibitions, incr confidence,
tolerance
overdose: dizziness, slurred speech,
confusion, decr coordination,
decr reaction time, nausea, vomiting,
impaired judgment, anterograde
amnesia ("blackouts"), coma,
aspiration pneumonia, respiratory
depression, apnea
withdrawal effects: sweating,
agitation, insomnia, hallucinations,
dysphoria, seizures, delirium tremens
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Ly
Sm
Am
So
Lu
Ch
G
Q
Pb
Sb
Fb
Cz
Oz
Tz
Lz
Rz
Dz
Hz
Kz
Xz
pregabalin (Lyrica)
carisoprodol (Soma)
zolpidem (Ambien)
zaleplon (Sonata)
eszopiclone (Lunesta)
chloral hydrate (Noctec)
gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB, Xyrem)
methaqualone (Quaalude)
phenobarbital (Luminal)
secobarbital (Seconal)
butalbital (Fiorinal, Fioricet, Egesic)
chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
oxazepam (Serax)
temazepam (Restoril)
lorazepam (Ativan)
flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
diazepam (Valium)
triazolam (Halcion)
clonazepam (Klonopin)
alprazolam (Xanax)
OPIATES/OPIOIDS
effects: analgesia, euphoria, sedation,
anti-tussive (decr cough), nausea,
anti-diarrheal (constipation),
itching/hives, urinary retention,
constricted ("pinned") pupils, decr libido
overdose: respiratory depression,
respiratory arrest, coma, cardiovascular
collapse, death
withdrawal effects: agitation, anxiety,
muscle cramps, bone pain, sighing,
yawning, chills, "gooseflesh," dysphoria,
diarrhea, sweating, runny nose,
insomnia, irritability, depression,
hypertension
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Bu
Na
St
Ul
Kr
Tw
Dv
O
Co
Vi
Ox
Dm
M
H
Ko
Di
Op
Md
Fe
Ca
buprenorphine (Subutex, Suboxone, Zubsolv)
nalbuphine (Nubain)
butorphanol (Stadol)
tramadol (Ultram, Ultracet)
mitragynine (Mitragyna speciosa, "Kratom")
pentazocine (Talwin)
propoxyphene (Darvon, Darvocet, Wygesic)
opium (poppy straw concentrate, laudanum)
codeine (Tylenol #3/#4, Cheracol, "Purple Drank")
hydrocodone (Vicodin, Lortab, Norco, Zogenix)
oxycodone (Percocet, Percodan, OxyContin)
meperidine (Demerol, Pethidine)
morphine (MS Contin, Oramorph)
diacetylmorphine (heroin, black tar, china white)
desomorphine ('krokodil")
hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
oxymorphone (Opana, Numorphan)
methadone (Dolophine, Methadose)
fentanyl (Duragesic, Actiq, Sublimaze)
carfentanil (Wildnil)
INHALANTS AND ANESTHETICS
effects: dizziness, nausea, confusion,
headache
overdose: vomiting, fainting, asphyxnation, coma, death due to anoxia
long-term effects: non-reversible
neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
An
Po
Ih
Cl
De
Pe
Ae
Or
amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite ("poppers," "snappers")
propofol (Diprivan)
inhalational anesthetics (enflurane, isoflurane)
chloroform
diethyl ether
petroleum gases (butane, propane)
aerosol propellants (difluoroethane, "duster")
volatile organic solvents (paint, glue, toluene)
ANABOLIC-ANDROGENIC STEROIDS 79.
effects: incr muscle mass & strength,
80.
endurance, motivation & training
81.
intensity, competitive confidence,
82.
euphoria, expression of male sex
83.
characteristics
84.
long-term effects: male-pattern
85.
baldness, cystic acne, testicular atrophy, 86.
gynecomastia, impotence, mood swings, 87.
stria, sexual assault, hypercholesterolemia
Ts
Bs
Ds
Ns
Ss
Os
As
Fs
Hs
testosterone (Adrogel, Androderm, Sustenon)
boldenone (Equipoise)
methandrostenolone (Dianabol)
nandrolone (Durabolin, Deca-Durabolin)
stanozolol (Winstrol)
oxymetholone (Anadrol)
oxandrolone (Anavar/Oxandrin)
trenbolone (Finaplix)
fluoxymesterone (Halotensin)
PROCESS ADDICTIONS
Although their inclusion as bona-fide
addictions is controversial (except
gambing), many pleasurable behaviors
can evolve into processes that resemble
chemical addictions. These behaviors
are believed to activate the same
neural mechanisms as chemical
addictions and respond to similar
treatments
Mi
Rl
Cd
Pf
Sh
Cu
Gm
F
Sx
Rg
media (internet, video gaming, "Facebook")
relationships ("love addiction")
codependency
performance (extreme sports, "workaholism")
compulsive spending, "shop-aholism"
cults
pathological gambling
food (sugar, salt, fat, binge eating, bulimia)
sex (sexual compulsivity, pornography)
rage & violence
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
product of The Institute for Addiction Study, copyright 2014
www.InstituteforAddictionStudy.com