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community interactions.notebook April 25, 2016 Y T NI NS U M TIO M CO RAC E T N I May 812:14 PM Community Interactions An ecological community consists of all the interacting populations within an ecosystem Community interactions help to limit the size of populations The interacting web of life tends to maintain a balance between resources and the number of individuals consuming them These interactions can also serve as agents of natural selection May 210:07 AM Community Interactions Symbiosis-Literally means living together. It is a close interaction between organisms of different species for an extended time. Mutualism-Symbiosis where both organisms benefit Parasitism-Symbiosis where one benefits and one is harmed and sometimes is killed. The parasite lives in or on the host. Commensalism-Symbiosis where one benefits and the other is unharmed. May 210:12 AM 1 community interactions.notebook April 25, 2016 COMMENSALISM Barnacles live on whales. they get a free-ride through the nutrient-rich water and do not harm the whales. May 210:27 AM This is a guinea worm. You can drink water containing water fleas that have ingested worm eggs. The eggs hatch and the larva live and grow in you. Then, when they want to come out... PARASITISM May 210:33 AM M UT UA LI S M May 210:44 AM 2 community interactions.notebook April 25, 2016 WHY ARE COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS IMPORTANT COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS SERVE AS AN AGENT OF EVOLUTION WHEN POPULATIONS INTERACT, THEY INFLUENCE EACH OTHERS ABILITY TO SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE THUS COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS LIMIT POPULATION SIZES AND SHAPE THE BODIES AND BEHAVIORS OF THE INTERACTING POPULATIONS May 39:42 AM THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS CO‐ EVOLUTION INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION COMPETITION AMONG MEMBERS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES IN THIS SITUATION, EACH SPECIES IS SAID TO BE HARMED BECAUSE ACCESS TO RESOURCES IS REDUCED THE INTENSITY DEPENDS ON HOW SIMILAR THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SPECIES ARE May 811:15 AM ECOLOGICAL NICHE- encompasses all aspects of an organism's way of life. The niche includes the physical home or habitat and the environmental factors necessary for survival. Competitive exclusion principlemembers of different species can share many aspects of their niches but no two species occupy the exact same niche May 811:25 AM 3 community interactions.notebook April 25, 2016 ADAPTATIONS REDUCE THE OVERLAP OF ECOLOGICAL NICHES If two species with the same niche were placed together and forced to compete for limited resources, inevitably one would outcompete the other. so....what happens in nature? May 811:29 AM RESOURCE PARTITIONING When two species with similar requirements coexist, sometimes they occupy a smaller niches than either would by itself. This reduces the harmful effects of interspecific competition. It is the outcome of the coevolution of species with extensive but not total niche overlap May 811:38 AM May 811:47 AM 4