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Wed Nov 30th “Globalization is not a monolithic force but an evolving set of consequences - some good, some bad and some unintended. It is the new reality.” John B Larson VOCAB DUE TOMORROW!! MUST BE WRITTEN Exploration and Discovery A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492 Europe Prior to Exploration The Middle Ages • The Crusades of earlier centuries had introduced goods and products (silk, spices, gems, etc.) from Asia. • Increased demand for these goods and products led to the development of Asian land trade routes. • Only the wealthy could afford these imported goods because of the high cost of transportation across land routes, and the markup by Italian merchants. • Turmoil during the latter middle ages in Europe prevented the large scale expansion of trade (wars, plague, poverty, etc) Reasons for European Exploration in the 15th Century The Renaissance • Encouraged advances in learning and knowledge and led to experimentation and new ideas. • Increased knowledge of other cultures. • Revived an interest in trade with other civilizations. Reasons for European Exploration in the 15th Century Development of Nation States • Several European countries began to develop strong central governments. • Spain • Portugal • France • England • Netherlands • European leaders began to seek wealth to expand their power and influence. Reasons for European Exploration in the 15th Century The Influence of Religion • Church leaders encouraged the spread of Catholicism to other peoples of the world. • The Reformation of the Church led by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII led to widespread persecution of protestants. • By the late 1400’s Spain had united and driven out the Moors (Muslims) and Jews in the Reconquista allowing them to focus on exploration. Reasons for European Exploration in the 15th Century Other Factors Invention of new instruments and improved knowledge of navigation made exploration by sea possible. Better Maps Mariner’s Compass Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Sextant New Ship and Weapons Technology Reasons for European Exploration in the 15th Century Other Factors By 1419, Prince Henry of Portugal (Henry the Navigator) had established a navigational school to train seamen for ocean exploration. Museum of Navigation in Lisbon, Portugal Reasons for European Exploration in the 15th Century Prince Henry Other began funding expeditions down the west coast of Africa to establish trade with West African Kingdoms trading in gold, ivory, and slaves. Factors Portuguese Exploration in the late 1400’s Atlantic Explorations The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diphtheria Whooping Cough Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Official European Colony! European Empires in the Americas Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Slave Ship “The Middle Passage” “Coffin” Position Below Deck Thursday December 1st “I once was lost, but now am found; Was blind, but now I see. Twas grace that taught my heart to fear, And grace my fears relieved” John Newton Turn in Vocab Up Front. MAKE SURE YOUR NAME IS ON IT Study guide will be on my website at 4:00pm today! The Atlantic Slave Trade Chapter 20.3 Slave trade Quote from Nigerian Teaching Standards Where did the supply of slaves come from? First, the Portuguese themselves kidnapped some Africans. But the bulk of the supply came from the Nigerians. These Nigerian middlemen moved to the interior where they captured other Nigerians who belonged to other communities. The middlemen also purchased many of the slaves from the people in the interior . . . . Many Nigerian middlemen began to depend totally on the slave trade and neglected every other business and occupation. The result was that when the trade was abolished [by England in 1807] these Nigerians began to protest. As years went by and the trade collapsed such Nigerians lost their sources of income and became impoverished. 4 4 Michael Omolewa, CertificateHistory of Nigeria (Lagos, Nigeria: Longman Group, 1991), 96–103, cited in Dana Lindaman and Kyle Ward, History Lessons: How Textbooks around the World Portray U.S. History (New York: New Press, 2004), 79-83. - See more at: http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/41431#_edn4 The white man did not introduce slavery to Africa . . . . And by the fifteenth century, men with dark skin had become quite comfortable with the concept of man as property . . . . Long before the arrival of Europeans on West Africa’s coast, the two continents shared a common acceptance of slavery as an unavoidable and necessary—perhaps even desirable—fact of existence. The commerce between the two continents, as tragic as it would become, developed upon familiar territory. Slavery was not a twisted European manipulation, although Europe capitalized on a mutual understanding and greedily expanded the slave trade into what would become a horrific enterprise . . . . It was a thunder that had no sound. Tribe stalked tribe, and eventually more than 20 million Africans would be kidnapped in their own homeland 10 Johnson, et al., Africans in America, 2, 5, 7; Seymour Drescher and Stanley L. Engerman, eds., A Historical Guide to World Slavery (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 370-375. - See more at: http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/41431#_edn10 Why would Africans Sell other Africans? Does this question make sense? Why do Europeans kill Europeans? What are the economic downsides to slave trade for Africa Trade slaves for finished products Once trade ends, there is zero wealth within Africa Give a man a fish feed him for a day Slavery in Africa Slavery had existed in Africa for centuries Was minor until the spread of Islam in the 1600’s Most slaves had some rights and opportunity for social mobility in African culture African rulers would capture people from rival clans or tribes and sell them to Europeans or trade them for European goods such as guns The red type on this map indicates the groups from which most slaves were taken. The groups that captured the most Africans for European and American slave traders are shown in black bold type. Demand for Africans Native Americans quickly died in large numbers after Portuguese and Spanish colonization (encomienda system) Advantages in using African slaves Had been exposed to European diseases and had built up some immunity Had experience in farming and could learn plantation work Less likely to escape because they did not know their way around and could not blend in Atlantic Slave Trade: Europeans imported 9.5 million slaves from 1500’s1870 (end of slave trade) Portugal and Spain imported the most slaves Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas From 16701807 England was the leader in transporting slaves Only 4% of African slaves were brought to US, but by 1830 the slave population had grown to 2 million Triangular Trade A Forced Journey Middle Passage: middle leg of the triangular trade route that brought slaves to the Americas Slaves were often whipped, beaten, died from diseases, or committed suicide 20% of slaves died on the trip Consequences of the Slave Trade In Africa Families were torn apart The most able workers were taken away Guns were introduced to the continent Trade scarce resources for finished goods= imbalance of trade in Africa In the Americas Many colonies would not have survived without slave labor Africans brought their expertise in farming Greatly influenced culture and racial makeup Does Slavery Exist today Atlanta 290 million dollars spent in the sex slave world in ATL each year More than drugs/guns combined ATL is #1 sex trafficking city in the nation Most Children that are sold into sex slavery are 8-12 years old
