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LECTURE SEVEN PERSIAN WAR II (486) Xerxes Themistocles – transforms Athens from land to sea power Peiraeus; Laureion mine windfall (fleet) Triremes (200); oarsmen (thetes) – future political developments (480) Persian War II Hellespont, Thermopylae/Artemisium, Leonidas, Salamis (479) Plataea, Pausanias, Mycale Aeschylus’ Persians; Marathonomachoi; temples friezes (Amazons vs Greeks, Centaurs vs Lapiths, Greeks vs Persians) DELIAN LEAGUE (477) Confederacy formed to protect Greek member states from Persians Athens versus Sparta as leader Initial successes: Fairness of assessments (Aristides, Hellenotamiae) Military victories (Cimon, Eurymedon) Corruption: Carystus, Naxos, Thasos Cleruchies Athenian law trumps allies’ law Movement of treasury from Delos to Athens Empire ANCIENT GREEK DRAMA Origins Epic: + 50% dialogue - Myth. Characters (Achilles, Odysseus, Ajax, Agamemnon, etc) - Tragic vision – kleos – ate, - hybris – phthonos – destruction - 534 Tragic competition formally introduced in Athens (Peisistratus) Dionysia, Choral lyric Aristotle (Poetics) – Thespis, extemporization on dithyramb Actor – ‘hypokrites’ (answerer), Goat song (prize, chorus of goats/satyrs) Dionysus God of wine (vital fluids), enthusiasm, ritual madness, masks/theatre Zeus and Semele, death and resurrection Conventions Religious festival (lasted several days) Competition – choral lyric, tragedy, comedy Ephemeral (productions designed to last 1 day) Staging - theatre, outdoors, 15-20,000 (females?) Choregos Orchestra, chorus Skene, ekkuklema, mechane Platform, Parodos, exodus Actors three, highly trained, male, masks Chorus (12-15), choryphaeus Division prologos, parodos, epi 1, stas 1, ep 2, stas 2, epi 3, stas 3, epilogue, exodos Singing versus speaking, No action; language; action reported Playwrights - Aeschylus (525-456), Marathon, Oresteia Sophocles (496-406), character, Oedipus Rex, Ajax, Antigone Euripides (485-406), Sophists, Pelop. War, realism, Electra, Medea, Hippolytus, Bacchae Comedy Dionysus, ribald, 487 (1st formal festival – Dionysia) 3 poets (1 play each), Aristophanes (457-385) Clouds, Lysistrata, Frogs, Wasps, parabasis Oedipus Rex Oedipus, plague, Creon, Teiresias, Jocasta, Laius, sphinx, Polybus, Merope TERMS PERSIAN WAR II Xerxes (486), Themistocles, Laureion mine silver, Phaleron Bay, Piraeus, Triremes, oarsmen, thetes, Thalassa, Pontos, diekplous, Hellespont, bridge, Hellenic Congress (synedrion), Invasion (480), isthmus, Thermopylae, Leonidas, 300 Spartans, Artemisium, Immortals, Mardonius, Athens, Salamis, Plataea (479), Pausanias, Mycale, Aeschylus’ Persians, gods vs giants, Greek heroes vs Amazons, Greeks vs Trojans, Lapiths vs Centaurs DELIAN LEAGUE Thucydides, Delian League (477), Pausanias disgraced, Themistocles ostracized, Cimon, Eurymedon, Aristides, Hellenotamiae, Carystus, Naxos, Thasos, Cleruchy, treasury removed to Athens DRAMA Drama, Tragic Formula, Kleos/timē (glory/honour), Atē (deceit), Hybris (insult, insolence), Phthonos (envy), Dionysia, (534), Dionysus, wine, mask= prosopon = character, enthusiasm, maenad, dithyramb, extemporization, Thespis, Hypokrites (actor/dissembler), tragedy = goat song, satyrs, choregos, orchestra, skene, ekkuklema, mechanē, parodoi/exodoi, protagonist, deuteragonist, tritagonist, chorus (12-15), choryphaeus, prologue, parados, episode, stasimon, epilogos, exodus, Aeschylus, Oresteia, Prometheus Bound, Sophocles, character, hero, Antigone, Ajax, Oedipus Rex, Euripides, cultural/moral relativism, realism, Electra, Medea, Bacchae, Comedy, Aristophanes, Lysistrata, Frogs, Clouds, Parabasis, Lernea, Dionysia, Oedipus Rex, Aristotle’s assessment, Oedipus, Sphinx, Creon, Jocasta, Laius, Polybus, Merope, Teiresias Readings: CHAPTER 5: The Wars Between Greece and Persia, CHAPTER 6: The Rivalries of the Greek City-States, Sources for the Decades after the Persian Wars, Aftermath of the Persian Wars, The Birth of Tragedy, Aeschylus and the Oresteia, CHAPTER 7: Sophocles, Euripides