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PS210 History of Psychology Unit 7 Nichola Cohen Ph.D. What were the 3 stages in the evolution of behaviorism? What were the 3 stages in the evolution of behaviorism? Watson’s behaviorism Psychology dealing with observable behavioral acts Things should be described in terms of stimulus and response Rejected consciousness Neo-behaviorism (1930-60) Includes work of Tolman, Hull and Skinner Neo-neobehaviorism/Sociobehaviorism (1960-90) Includes work of Bandura and Rotter Neo-behaviorism Tolman, Hull and Skinner agreed on 3 key points (1) The core of Psychology should be to study learning (2) Most behavior can be accounted for by the laws of conditioning (3) Psychology must adopt the principle of operationalism A physical concept can be defined by the operations or procedures by which it is determined To rid Psychology of pseudo-problems Problems that are not actually observable or that can’t be physically demonstrated Skinner Dealt only with observable behavior Psychology should be about stimulus-response Operant conditioning Learning that occurs as a result of a behavior emitted by an organism Skinner box Law of acquisition The strength of behavior increases when it is followed by the presentation of a reinforcer Skinner Reinforcement schedules Conditions involving various rates and times of reinforcement Fixed interval schedule Skinner Reinforcement schedules Conditions involving various rates and times of reinforcement Fixed interval schedule Subjects are reinforced after a certain interval (e.g. once per minute). The shorter the time interval between reinforcers, the more rapidly the animals responded Behaviors are eliminated more quickly when they have been reinforced continuously and the reinforcement is stopped, compared to intermittent reinforcement Fixed ratio schedule Skinner Reinforcement schedules Conditions involving various rates and times of reinforcement Fixed interval schedule Subjects are reinforced after a certain interval (e.g. once per minute). The shorter the time interval between reinforcers, the more rapidly the animals responded Behaviors are eliminated more quickly when they have been reinforced continuously and the reinforcement is stopped, compared to intermittent reinforcement Fixed ratio schedule Reinforcer presented after a predetermined number of responses (e.g. every 3 responses) Animals on a fixed ratio schedule respond quicker than animals on a fixed interval schedule How did Skinner explain the acquisition of complex behavior? How did Skinner explain the acquisition of complex behavior? Successive approximation Complex behavior (such as learning to talk) gets reinforced when the behavior starts to approach the final desired behavior How did Skinner explain the acquisition of complex behavior? Successive approximation Complex behavior (such as learning to talk) gets reinforced when the behavior starts to approach the final desired behavior http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA Where do we see Skinner’s principles used today? Where do we see Skinner’s principles used today? To change undesirable behaviors to desirable ones Prisons – tokens to reward positive behavior Classrooms – gold stars for good behavior Workforce motivation Albert Bandura Social Cognitive theory Albert Bandura Social Cognitive theory Focus on observing behavior of humans in interaction Emphasized the importance of rewards in acquiring or modifying behavior Stressed the influence of beliefs, expectations and instructions on reinforcement Did not think behavioral responses were mechanistic, but reactions to stimuli are self-activated. When a reinforcer alters behavior, it is because the person is consciously aware of the response and anticipates receiving the same reinforcer the next time He thought that some behaviors can be learned without direct reinforcement Vicarious reinforcement Observing how other people behave and seeing the consequences of their behavior. Modelling techniques – have subjects observe a model in a behavior that usually causes them some anxiety His approach is widely used and has been shown to be very effective in eliminating phobias and anxiety His approach has also been adapted for radio and TV to address social problems (e.g. unwanted pregnancies) Highly effective technique for increasing desirable behaviors such as safe sex practices. What is Gestalt Psychology? What is Gestalt Psychology? The basic premise is the whole Things should not be studied by breaking them down, rather, things should be studied by viewing them for what they are “The whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts” What is Gestalt Psychology? The basic premise is the whole Things should not be studied by breaking them down, rather, things should be studied by viewing them for what they are “The whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts” When individual elements are combined they take on new meaning What is Gestalt Psychology? The basic premise is the whole Things should not be studied by breaking them down, rather, things should be studied by viewing them for what they are “The whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts” When individual elements are combined they take on new meaning “There is more to perception than meets the eye” People perceive things differently based on prior experience Principles of perceptual organization How we put things in our environment together to understand them How does our mind work to take all the shapes and color we see in our environment and make sense of it all? Principle of proximity Things that are close together appear to belong together Principle of continuity We tend to follow things in a direction that makes them seem flowing Principle of closure We have a tendency to complete incomplete figures Principle of Figure/Ground We tend to separate things into the object and the background Gestalt Psychology and Learning http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySMh1mBi3 cI&feature=related Gestalt Psychology and Learning http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySMh1mBi3 cI&feature=related Here we saw a chimp solve a complex problem through insight learning The movement was planned and deliberate Insight means the spontaneous understanding of relationships The chimp had to view the environment as a whole to solve the problem