Download CHAPTER 30 - SJS AP World History

CHAPTER 30
A Second Global Conflict and the End of European World Order
KEY TERMS
National Socialist (Nazi) Party: Fascist party of Adolf Hitler in Germany.
Blitzkrieg: Fast-moving “lightning war” used by Germany to invade its neighbors in World War
II.
Winston Churchill: Inspirational leader of Britain in World War II.
Battle of Britain: Failed German attempt to bomb Britain into submission in World War II.
British grit and technology outlasted Hitler.
Holocaust: Name given to the genocide of as many as 12 million people by the Nazi regime; 6
million of these were Jews. The Holocaust was notable for its especially brutal, systematic, and
premeditated nature.
Battle of the Bulge: Last German offensive on the Western Front in World War II. Its failure
hastened German defeat.
Pearl Harbor: American outpost in Hawaii that was surprise-attacked by the Japanese; triggered
the official U.S. involvement in World War II.
Battle of the Coral Sea; Midway Island: Turning points of the Pacific theater in World War II.
Japanese advances halted after these battles.
United Nations: Successor to the League of Nations, this U.S.-backed international organization
had more success in all ways than its predecessor.
Tehran Conference: Allied war conference where later Cold War tensions first appeared.
Yalta Conference: Most significant of the Allied war conferences; divided post-Nazi Europe
and set the stage for Soviet-U.S. tensions for the next 45 years.
Potsdam Conference: Final Allied war conference in which the Soviet Union pledged to enter
the war against Japan.
Total War: Concept in warfare in which all the industrial and civilian might of a nation is linked
to strategy and tactics on the battlefield.
Atlantic Charter: Alliance between the U.S. and Britain in 1941 that pledged mutual defense
and the “right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live.”
Quit India Movement: Mass civil disobedience campaigns in India against British rule in 1942.
Muslim League: Supported the partitioning of India into secular and Muslim states. The result
of this political group’s goal was the creation of Pakistan.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah: Leader of the Muslim League and first president of Pakistan.
Convention Peoples Party (CPP): Founded by Nkrumah in Ghana to support independence
from Britain. He organized mass rallies, strikes, and boycotts.
Jomo Kenyatta; Kenya African Union: Leader of independence movement in Kenya;
supported nonviolent protest.
Land Freedom Army: More radical independence group in Kenya that conducted terrorism and
guerilla warfare against the colonizers.
Secret Army Organization: Reactionary settler military group that directed its aim at Arabs and
Berbers in Algeria.
Afrikaner National Party: Majority party in the all-white South African legislature, it won
complete independence from Britain and maintained minority domination over the black
majority.
Apartheid: Rigid system of racial segregation in South Africa; established after 1948 and
lasting until majority rule began there in the 1990s.
Haganah: Zionist military force that spearheaded Jewish resistance to the British presence in
Palestine.
Vichy: French collaborationist government established in 1940 in southern France following
defeat of French armies by the Germans.
Holocaust: Term for Hitler’s attempted genocide of European Jews during World War II;
resulted in the deaths of 6 million Jews.
Kenya African Union (KAU): Leading nationalist part in Kenya; adopted nonviolent approach
to ending British control in the 1950s.
National Liberation Front (FLN): Radical nationalist movement in Algeria; launched
sustained guerilla war against France in the 1950s; success led to independence of Algeria in
1958.
CLASS DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
Was World War II inevitable? Why or why not?
The policies and ideals that spread from the Treaty of Versailles and the Great Depression were
the enabling factors that proved World War II was inevitable. There were key points that could
have slowed it down or possibly prevented it but with the policies and people in offices around
that time it was probably inevitable.
Compare the strategies and tactics of World War I to World War II.
The weaponry of World War I returned to be used in World War II; the only difference was that
the weapons were improved. The war basically divided into the same two camps. They both
started in Europe, then spread to other continents as a result of colonial holdings. Differences
included the tone of the rhetoric that was involved and the callousness for noncombatants in
WWII. Finally, trench warfare was replaced with small unit combat.
Compare the Germans’ policy toward Jews and the Japanese policy toward the Chinese.
Both displayed a callousness toward their subjugated societies. The difference appears to be the
planned depravity of the German Holocaust. The Japanese forces took out their frustrations on
retreating combatants and innocent civilians. The German plan was a systematic process to
purify its society.
Trace the early successes of the Germans and Japanese.
The fact that the Western and Soviet powers were reluctant to rearm or even react to the
aggression by Japan or Germany were the main reasons they were so successful.
Why were the Germans and Japanese unable to sustain their level of victories?
What role did the U.S.S.R. play in allied victory?
The Soviet steppes were a natural brake for the advancing Axis powers; adding the Soviet policy
of slash and burn left little to use for the advancing powers. The United States offered a huge
momentum boost to the Allies. The addition of the United States into the mix resulted in a
powerful juggernaut that had a vast amount of resources.
Describe how the war conferences contributed to the Cold War.
The split in the wartime allies was apparent by the 1944 Tehran Conference. The Soviet Union
clearly wanted compensation in the way of buffer states in eastern Europe. The results of the
Potsdam Conference in 1945 confirmed these feelings.
Can you think of any ways that would have kept India from dividing after independence?
This again was inevitability; however, the violence may have been reduced had the British not
responded to civil disobedience with violence.
How did the United Nations’ plans for the Middle East differ from what occurred?
The United Nations wanted to divide the territory into two countries. However, all-out warfare
ensued. Israel proved to be a more formidable opponent than expected.