Download Anatomy of the Reproductive System (Chapter 42) Lab Objectives

STUDY GUIDE FOR ANATOMY 1 FINAL LAB PRACTICAL EXAM AND
FINAL EXAM
Body orientation and direction
Be familiar with correct anatomical position
Be able to identify all of the body regions listed in figure 1.1 a and b in the lab manual.
Know the following terms for orientation: superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial,
lateral, cranial, caudal, dorsal, ventral, proximal, distal, superficial, deep, parietal,
visceral
Know the common sections: sagittal, midsagittal, parasagittal, frontal, transverse
Tissues: Know the functions of the 4 types of tissues: epithelial, connective, nervous,
muscle
Membranes: Know the composition and functions of the 4 types of membranes:
cutaneous, mucous, synovial, serous
Histology:
Be able to identify the following tissues types under the microscope and know their
general functions and examples where these types are found: simple squamous epithelial,
simple cuboidal epithelial, simple columnar epithelial, pseudostratified columnar
epithelial (ciliated/non-ciliated), stratified squamous epithelial, transitional epithelium,
adipose, reticular loose connective, dense regular connective, hyaline cartilage, elastic
cartilage, fibrocartilage, bone, blood, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle
Skin: Be able to identify on a model or label the following on a diagram and know
functions:
Hair shaft, hair follicle, sebaceous (oil) gland, eccrine sweat glane, arrector pili muscle,
epidermis (stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum),
dermis (papillary layer and reticular layer), hypodermis, Pacinian corpuscle
Typical long bone: Be able to identify the following in a diagram:
diaphysis, periosteum, perforating (Sharpey’s fibers), epiphyseal plate/ epiphyseal line,
marrow, endosteum, articular cartilage
Bones For lab practical, you need to be able to identify ALL of the bones on a skeleton,
skull, or disarticulated. For the final exam, you will need to be able to identify ALL of the
bones on a diagram.
Also know the following bone markings and other skeletal structures for the lab practical
and final exams:
Bone markings on skull:
coronal suture, sagittal suture, lambdoid suture, squamous suture
mental foramen, superior orbital fissure, optic canal, inferior optical fissure
mastoid process, occipital condyle, styloid process (temporal bone), zygomatic process,
mandibular condyle, coronoid process, sella turcica, cribriform plate, crista galli, foramen
magnum, hypoglossal canal, jugular foramen
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Be able to identify and know the functions of the sinuses: frontal sinus, ethmoid sinus,
sphenoid sinus, maxillary sinus
Vertebral column: know how many cervical, thoracic lumbar, sacral, coccyx vertebrae
there are
Vertebrae: be able to identify spinous process, body, vertebral foramen, transverse
process, superior articular process, dens
Be able to determine which TYPE of vertebrae you are examining (Atlas, axis, cervical,
thoracic, or lumbar) based on these structures
Ribs. Know differences between true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs
Scapula: acromion and corocoid process and glenoid cavity and spine
Humerus: head, capitulum, coronoid fossa, medial and lateral epicondyle, trochlea,
olecranon fossa, surgical neck
Ulna: olecranon process, trochlear notch
Pelvic bone: acetabulum, pubic crest, pubic symphysis, ilium, iliac crest, sacral
promontory, obturator foramen Be able to discern if a pelvic bone is female or male
Femur: head, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, patellar surface, lateral condyle,
medial condyle, lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle
Tibia: lateral condyle, medial condyle, medial malleolus
Fibula: lateral malleolus
Fetal skeleton: Be familiar with relative size of cranium to face, function of fontanels
Joints
Know the following movements: flexion, extension, hyperextension, adduction,
abduction, circumduction, rotation, supination, pronation, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion,
inversion, eversion, elevation, depression, opposition
Muscle tissue: Be familiar with the structure and organizational levels of skeletal
muscle:
thin and thick filaments --> sarcomerers --> myofibril (organelle) --> muscle fiber
(covered by endomysium) --> fascicle (covered by perimysium) --> muscle (covered by
epimysium)
Know how smooth and cardiac and skeletal muscles compare based on these features:
striation, regulation (voluntary vs. involuntary), where the various types are found
Muscles Be able to identify muscles the muscles shown in Figures 10.4 and 10.5 in the
textbook on a model or diagram.
Know the functions of the suprahyoid muscles, infrahyoid muscles, splenius capitus and
splenius cervicis, erector spinae, diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, internal
intercostal muscles, pectoralis major, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, triceps brachii, biceps
brachii/brachialis/brachioradialis, pronator quadratus, quadriceps femoris, hamstrings
Nervous tissue: FOR FINAL EXAM ONLY Be familiar with the different parts of the
neuron (dendrites, cell body, axon hillock, axon, axon terminals). Also be famililar with
the functions of the main types of glial cells (oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes,
ependymal cells, Schwann cell, Satellite cell). Know the roles of myelination. Know the
difference between afferent, efferent, and interneurons. What is a ganglion? What is a
nerve, and where are nerves found? What is a tract? What is a synapse? What is a
neurotransmitter?
FOR LAB PRACTICAL:
Microscope: be able to identify the connective tissue wrappings found in the cross
section of a nerve: endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium
Brain Be able to identify on a model or label the following on a diagram and know
functions: Cerebrum (frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, central
sulcus, longitudinal fissure, primary somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex),
olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, optic chiasma, optic nerve, optic tract, pons, midbrain,
medulla oblongata, cerebellum, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, corpus callosum,
fornix, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, Know the difference between gray
matter and white matter. Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater. Choroid plexus
I will probably have you identify a brain structure from the sheep dissection too.
Cranial nerves Be able to identify on a model or label the following on a diagram and
know the functions of the 12 cranial nerves.
Spinal cord and spinal nerves Be able to identify the following structures on the 3 D
model or label a diagram and know the functions: gray matter, white matter, dorsal horn,
lateral horn, anterior horn, gray commissure, central canal, dorsal root, dorsal root
ganglion, ventral root, dorsal ramus, ventral ramus
Autonomic nervous system: Be aware of the following distinctions between the
parasymphathetic and symphathetic nervous systems.
PNS: fibers issue from cranial and sacral regions, long preganglionic fiber and short
postganglionic fibers that synapse in terminal ganglia, function in rest and digest
(example slows heart rate, constricts pupil, increases digestion)
SNS: fibers issue from thoracic and lumbar regions, short preganglionic fibers and long
postganglionic fibers, functions in “fight or flight” (example increases heart rate and
force of contraction for exercise, dilates pupil, mobilizes nutrients for emergency).
Adrenal gland is a modified sympathetic ganglion that releases epinephrine and
norepinephrine into the blood to reinforce SNS
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Eye Be able to identify on a model or label the following on a diagram and know
functions:
lacrimal apparatus, superolateral excretory duct, lacrimal punctum, nasolacrimal duct
lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior
oblique
lens
ciliary body
suspensory ligament
cornea
iris
pupil
sclera
choroid
retina
fovea centralis
optic nerve
optic disc (blind spot)
Know the functional differences between rods and cones
Know the function of aqueous humor and vitreous humor
Be able to identify the following from the sheep eye: lens, ciliary body, retina, sclera,
cornea
Retina slide: be able to identify the photoreceptors (rods and cones), bipolar cells,
ganglion cells
Ear
Pinna (auricle)
external auditory canal
tympanic membrane
malleus, incus, stapes
semicircular canals
vestibule (saccule, utricle)
pharyngotympanic tube
cochlea
round window
Cochlea slide: Be able to identify the microscopic cross section of the cochlea (including
spiral organ of corti), hair cells, basilar membrane
Heart Be able to identify on a model or label the following on a diagram and know
functions:
right atrium and auricle
left atrium and auricle
right ventricle
left ventricle
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
ascending aorta
aortic arch
brachiocephalic artery
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
pulmonary trunk
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
left pulmonary veins
right pulmonary veins
apex
base
tricuspid valve
bicuspid/mitral valve
aortic semilunar valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
chordae tendinae
fossa ovalis
ligamentum arteriosum
coronary sulcus
anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus
anterior interventricular artery
circumflex artery
posterior interventricular branch
marginal artery
great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
interartrial septum and interventricular septum
also know the structure and function of pericardium and the three layers of the walls of
the heart
sheep dissection: identify the septa, atria, ventricles, auricles, chordae tendinae, apex,
base, valves
Blood vessels (final exam only, not lab practical except those vessels noted above for the
heart):
Know the structure and function of the vascular tunics
Know the structure and function of: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins,
precapillary sphincters, veinous valves
Be familiar with the pulmonary and systemic circuits
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Be able to label the arteries and veins from the lecture notes on the slides marked “Know
these arteries” and “Know these veins” and the other vessels noted with an asterisk
Histology: be able to differentiate between vein and artery cross section
Blood (covered on final exam only, not the lab practical exam)
Know the structure, relative numbers, function of the following constituents of blood:
erythrocytes, leukoytes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils),
platelets, plasma.
What is hematocrit?
Know the structure and function of hemoglobin and the three states of hemoglobin
Know the 4 ABO blood types, which antigens (agglutinogens) and which antibodies are
found in each type; know the difference between whole blood transfusion and packed red
blood cell transfusion and which blood transfusions are compatible to avoid transfusion
reaction
Know Rh factor and its role in hemolytic disease of the newborn
Respiratory system Be able to identify on a model or label the following on a diagram
and know functions:
 Olfactory epithelium, olfactory nerves
 inferior/middle/superior nasal conchae and meatuses
 pharyngotympanic tube
 hard and soft palate
 uvula
 pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual tonsils
 oropharynx
 laryngopharynx
 larynx: epiglottis (elastic cartilage), thyroid cartilage (hyaline cartilage), cricoid
cartilage (hyaline cartilage),, arytenoid cartilage (hyaline cartilage), glottis, false
and true vocal cords
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Note where hyaline cartilage rings, plates are found and where smooth muscle is
found in the respiratory tree
trachea
lung: apex, root, cardiac notch, visceral pleura, parietal pleura, pleural cavity
diaphragm muscle
main bronchi, main (primary) bronchus, secondary (lobar) bronchus, tertiary
(segmental) bronchus
respiratory bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
Cat dissection: be able to identify lung, diaphragm, trachea, cricoid cartilage, thyroid
cartilage
Microscope: be familiar with the structures seen in the cross section of the trachea
(adventitia, hyaline cartilage, seromucous gland in submucosa, lamina propria,
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)
Lung section: Identify respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac. Be familiar
with the differences between normal lung and emphysema lung specimens.
Digestive System
Gross Anatomy
 Be able to identify on models or label them and know functions:
• Parotid, sublingual, submandibular glands (know differences in saliva
composition, too)
• labial frenulum
• hard and soft palate
• palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch
• tongue and three types of taste buds: filiform papillae, fungiform papillae,
circumvillate papillae
• uvula
• Pharynx
o Esophagus
o Stomach, stomach regions: cardia, fundus, body, pyloris, rugae
o Greater omentum
o Lesser omentum
o Falciform ligament
o Pancreas
o Liver including route for bile secretion and hepatic artery, hepatic portal
vein, and hepatic vein
o Gallbladder
o Cystic duct
o Common hepatic duct
o Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
o Large intestine: transverse colon, ascending colon, vermiform appendix,
cecum, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
Tooth model: parts of tooth: crown, root, neck, dentin, pulp and pulp
cavity, root canal, enamel cementum , apical foramen, periodontal
ligament
Cat dissection:
 Gallbladder
 Liver
 omentum
 Small intestine
Histology Be able to identify tissues on slides and know functions of various structures
General GI tract: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa (adventitia)
 Stomach (be familiar with tissue types including 3 muscular layers and gastric
pits and gastric glands
 esophagus (be familiar with tissue types)
 Duodenum: identify mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa, villi,
intestinal crypts.
 jejunum observe 4 tunics, villi,
 Liver: notice lobule, central vein,
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pancreas: acinar cells and Islets of Langerhans
Urinary System
Gross anatomy:
Be able to identify on model or label diagram and know functions
Kidney
Adrenal gland
Urinary bladder
Urethra
ureter
Be able to identify on model or label a diagram of kidney:
Renal column
Major calyx
Minor calyx
Papilla of pyramid
Cortex
Medulla
Renal vein renal artery
Arcuate vein
Arcuate artery
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Interlobar vein
Interlobar artery
Segmental artery
Fibrous capsule
Renal Hilum
Identify in cat dissection: kidney, renal artery and vein, ureter, urinary bladder
Be able to identify the following on dissected kidney: cortex, renal pyramid in renal
medulla, renal columns, renal pelvis, ureter, major and minor calyces
Identify on model or label diagram of nephron and know functions:
Afferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Peritubular capillaries
Vasa recta
Bowman’s capsule
Proximal tubule
Loop of Henle (descending and ascending limb)
Collecting duct
Microscopic anatomy. Be able to identify:
Renal tubules
Glomerulus
urinary bladder
Reproductive System
Male Gross Anatomy: Be able to identify the following on a diagram or model:
 Seminal vesicle
 Ductus (vas) deferens
 Ampulla of ductus deferens
 Ejaculatory duct
 Prostate
 Bulbourethral gland
 Corpus spongiosum of urethra (bulb of penis)
 Urethra: Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra
 Corpus cavernosum
 Corpus spongiosum
 Glans penis
 Epididymis
 Testis including lobule, septum, tunica albuginea, tunica vaginalis, rete testis
 Scrotum
 penis
 know structures in spermatic cord (vessels, nerves, ductus deferens, connective
tissue sheath)
Microscopic Male Anatomy: Be able to identify the following on slides:
 Penis: urethra, cavernous bodies
 Testis: seminiferous tubule, immature sperm
 Epididymis: Notice stereocilia, spermatozoa, pseudostratified columnar
epithelium
Female Gross Anatomy: Be able to identify the following on a diagram or model:
 Fimbriae
 Infundibulum
 Uterine tube and ampulla
 Ovary
 Round ligament
 Clitoris
 Hymen
 Labium minus
 Labium majus
 Uterus: perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium (basal and functional layers),
fundus, body, isthmus
 Cervix
 Vagina
 Broad ligament
 Ovarian vessels
 Ovarian ligament
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Microscopic Anatomy: Be able to identify the following on slides:
 Human sperm
 Ovary tissue cross-section: primary follicles, secondary follicles with granulosa
cells, Graafian follicle with antrum and corona radiata
 Corpus luteum
 Phases of menstrual cycle: endometrium during: menstrual phase, proliferative
phase, secretory phase