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1600s scientists observed cells • Most did not understand what they saw 1838 – cell theory • All things are made up of tiny units of matter called cells • These cells divide and multiply • They cause organisms to grow and mature • Developed by Mathias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann Cell theory failed to explain plants and animal varieties 1800s theory of evolution was proposed Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck found similarities in fossils and living organisms Charles Darwin built on Lamarck’s idea • Evolution based on natural selection Gregor Mendel • Experimented with pea plants • Trying to understand how characteristics passed between generations • He discovered a gene Founded Genetics the study of Fighting Diseases • 1796 Edward Jenner developed smallpox vaccine • Louis Pasteur recognized the impact of bacteria causing disease Showed bacteria could be killed New Approaches to Surgery • Sir James Simpson discovered chloroform • Joseph Lister introduced methods to sterilize instruments Atomic theory – all matter is made up of atoms • John Dalton provided proof Wilhelm K. Roentgen discovered X rays Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered radium Max Planck theorized that energy is released in units called quanta People started using scientific method to study human behavior • Auguste Comte believed there was a set of laws to human behavior • Father of sociology Sociology – study of human behavior in groups Psychology – study of human behavior in individuals Ivan Pavlov – noted that human actions are unconscious Sigmund Freud – father of psychoanalysis