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Chapter 9 Outline Mental and Emotional Problems Lesson 1: Mental Disorders I. Mental Disorder- an illness of the mind that can affect the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of a person, preventing him or her from leading a happy, healthful, and productive life. a. Each year about 20% of the U.S. population—54 million people—are affected by some form of mental disorder. b. Of the 20% of children and adolescents who suffer from mental health problems, only one-third receive the help they need. c. Stigma- a negative label or a mark of shame. II. Types of Mental Disorders a. Organic Disorders- caused by a physical illness or injury that affects the brain. i. Brain Tumors ii. Infections (Syphilis) iii. Chemical imbalances iv. Exposure to drugs and toxins v. Injuries resulting in brain damage b. Functional Disorders- have psychological causes and do not involve brain damage. i. Heredity ii. Stress iii. Emotional conflict iv. Fear v. Ineffective coping skills vi. Past experiences c. Anxiety Disorder- a condition in which real or imagined fears are difficult to control. About 4 million Americans suffer from anxiety disorders. i. Phobia- a strong, irrational fear of something specific, such as high places or dogs. People with phobias do everything they can to avoid the object of their fear. ii. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder- Unreasonable need to think or act in a certain way. A person with OCD is trapped in a pattern of repeated thoughts or behaviors. a. Washing hands constantly throughout the day. b. Avoiding cracks in the sidewalk. iii. Panic Disorder- characterized by sudden, unexplained feelings of terror. Fear and anxiety get in the way of a person’s ability to function and enjoy life. A. Trembling B. A pounding heart C. Shortness of breath D. Dizziness iv. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder- condition that may develop after exposure to a terrifying event that threatened or caused physical harm. A. Possible causes a. Personal assault, such as rape b. Natural or human-made disasters, such as earthquakes or bombings. c. Accidents, such as plane crashes d. Military combat B. Symptoms a. Flashbacks (Sudden recall of terrifying event) b. Nightmares c. Emotional numbness d. Sleeplessness e. Guilt f. Problems with concentration d. Mood Disorder- an illness, often with an organic cause, that involves mood extremes that interfere with everyday living. Emotional mood swings are intense in both intensity and duration. i. Clinical Depression- Persistent feelings of hopelessness, sadness, and despair that affect a person’s ability to concentrate, sleep, perform at school or work, or handle everyday decisions and challenges. Clinical depression results from a chemical imbalance that a person cannot overcome without professional help. ii. Bipolar Disorder- (manic-depressive disorder) marked by extreme mood changes, energy levels, and behavior. A. Manic Symptoms a. Extreme changes in mood i. Excessively happy or silly, or ii. Very irritable, angry agitated, or aggressive b. Grandiosity i. Unrealistic high self-esteem ii. Feeling all-powerful c. Very high energy level—including the ability to go with little or no sleep for days without feeling tired. d. Pressured speech i. Talks too much ii. Talks too fast iii. Changes topics quickly iv. Does not allow interruption e. Distractibility—attention moves constantly from one thing to another. f. Repeated high-risk behavior i. Alcohol ii. Drug use iii. Reckless driving iv. Sexual activity B. Depressive Symptoms a. Irritability, persistent sadness, frequent crying b. Preoccupation with death or suicide c. Loss of enjoyment in favorite activities d. Frequent complaints such as headaches or stomachaches. e. Low Energy level, fatigue, poor concentration, boredom f. Dramatic change in eating or sleeping patterns, such as overeating or oversleeping e. Eating Disorders- caused by psychological pressures, possible genetic factors, and an obsession to body image and thinness. i. Anorexia Nervosa- a disorder in which the irrational fear of becoming obese results in severe weight loss from self-imposed starvation. A. Extremely low caloric intake B. Obsession with exercising C. Emotional problems D. An unnatural interest in food E. A distorted body image F. Denial of an eating problem ii. Bulimia Nervosa- a disorder in which some of purging or clearing of the digestive tract follows cycles of overeating. Frequent vomiting and diarrhea can lead to: A. Destruction of tooth enamel B. Damaging of the tissue of the stomach, esophagus, and mouth. C. Disrupted digestion and absorption of nutrients—nutrient deficiency. f. Conduct Disorder- a pattern of behavior in which the rights of others or basic social rules are violated. i. More common in males than females. ii. May project an image of toughness, but usually have low selfesteem. iii. May have symptoms of other disorders, i.e. anxiety and depression. iv. Without treatment, many teens may be unable to adapt to the demands of adulthood. g. Schizophrenia- severe mental disorder in which a person loses contact with reality. i. Symptoms A. Delusions B. Hallucinations C. Thought disorders D. Paranoia E. Difficulty understanding the difference between real and imaginary events. F. Unpredictable behavior G. Difficulty functioning H. Lack of good health habits. ii. Causes: May be a combination of genetic factors and chemical and structural changes in the brain. iii. Statistics A. Affects about 1% of the population B. Usually appears between the ages of 15 and 35 h. Personality Disorders (Affects about 10% of the population) i. Antisocial Personality Disorder- Constant conflict with society. A. Irritable B. Aggressive C. Impulsive D. Violent ii. Borderline Personality Disorder- People with this disorder frequently experience a series of troubled relationships. A. Engage in high-risk activities. B. Poor Self-esteem C. Although they fear abandonment, they frequently lash out violently at the people they need most. iii. Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder- People with this disorder are often uncooperative. They resent being told what to do, yet they rely on others’ direction. Angry over issues of control, they show their anger, but only indirectly.